Gerdau (Cosigua) Business Model Canvas
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Unlock the full strategic blueprint behind Gerdau (Cosigua)’s Business Model Canvas—three-sentence clarity on how the company creates value, secures supply chains, and monetizes steel solutions. Ideal for investors, consultants, and strategists seeking actionable insight. Purchase the complete, editable Word and Excel canvas to benchmark, plan, and drive decisions with company-specific detail.
Partnerships
Secure consistent flows of ferrous scrap, alloys, and fluxes to feed EAF and rolling operations by locking 3–5 year agreements with collectors, scrapyards, and industrial generators. Balance cost, quality, and availability across local and imported sources through dynamic sourcing and spot-market caps. Integrate sustainability and chain-of-custody traceability criteria, including recycled-content verification and supplier ESG audits.
Partner with utilities, PPA providers and biomass suppliers to stabilize electricity and fuel costs while leveraging Cosigua's internal bioenergy and cogeneration assets to increase self-supply; align contracts with Brazil's largely renewable grid (≈83% renewables in 2023) to lower carbon intensity. Structure demand-response and renewable PPAs to capture price volatility and support CO2 reductions. Coordinate maintenance windows with energy availability to optimize uptime and fuel use.
Collaborate with carriers, ports and warehousing providers to secure inbound scrap and outbound steel flows, leveraging Gerdau’s presence in 10 countries and ~35,000 employees to scale logistics capacity. Regional hubs shorten lead times to construction and manufacturing customers, cutting transit times by up to 20–30% in hub-based networks. Optimize multimodal routes to lower transport costs and CO2 intensity, and implement partner-integrated digital tracking for real-time visibility and exception management.
Technology and equipment vendors
Gerdau (Cosigua) partners with OEMs for EAFs, ladle furnaces, continuous casting and rolling mills, integrating automation, sensors and AI to tighten process control and improve yield; EAF-based routes can cut CO2 emissions by about 60% versus BF-BOF, while co-developed upgrades target lower energy use and reduced downtime, with spare-parts agreements and SLAs to safeguard uptime.
- OEM EAFs, ladle furnaces, casting, rolling
- Automation, sensors, AI for yield
- Co-development to cut energy/downtime
- Spare-parts & SLA for uptime
Regulators, standards bodies, and industry associations
Gerdau (Cosigua) engages regulators, standards bodies and industry associations to meet safety, environmental and quality standards, using steel's 100% recyclability and the sector's 7–9% share of global CO2 emissions to justify circular-economy initiatives. The company aligns certifications for construction and specialty steel grades and actively shapes policy discussions on decarbonization and infrastructure investment.
- Engage regulators: safety, env, quality
- Advance circular economy: 100% recyclable steel
- Align certifications: construction & specialty grades
- Shape policy: decarbonization & infrastructure
Lock 3–5y agreements with scrap, utilities (PPAs), logistics, OEMs and regulators to secure feedstock, energy, transport, equipment and compliance; embed ESG traceability. Use 10-country hubs and ~35,000 staff to cut transit 20–30% and improve uptime. Scale EAFs to target ≈60% CO2 reduction vs BF-BOF.
| Partner | Purpose | KPI |
|---|---|---|
| Scrap/Utilities/Logistics/OEMs/Regulators | Supply, energy, transport, tech, compliance | 3–5y contracts; 20–30% transit; ≈60% CO2 |
What is included in the product
A comprehensive Business Model Canvas for Gerdau (Cosigua) detailing customer segments, value propositions, channels, key activities, partners, resources, cost structure and revenue streams, reflecting real-world steelmaking operations and competitive advantages; ideal for presentations, investor discussions and strategic decision-making.
High-level view of Gerdau (Cosigua)'s business model with editable cells—condenses the steelmaker’s strategy into a digestible, board-ready snapshot to relieve time spent structuring analyses and align teams quickly.
Activities
Operate electric arc furnaces, secondary metallurgy, continuous casting and rolling mills to produce long products, sequencing heats to maximize throughput and quality. Control chemistry and temperature precisely to hit target steel grades while monitoring yield, energy consumption and downtime KPIs. Continuous process control drives consistency across melts, casts and finishes.
Aggregate, sort and process scrap to reliably feed electric arc furnaces, while building reverse logistics with industrial clients and independent collectors to secure consistent supply. Continuous quality upgrades reduce melt losses and impurities, improving yield and energy efficiency. Recycled-content tracking enables customer reporting and compliance; steel recycling has an ~85% global end-of-life rate (World Steel Association, 2024).
Test mechanical and chemical properties across heats and lots to ensure lot-to-lot traceability and compliance. Develop specialty and microalloyed grades for demanding applications, supporting high-strength and wear-resistant segments. Certify products against construction and OEM standards and, in 2024, implement continuous improvement and Six Sigma projects to reduce variability and improve yield.
Energy management and bioenergy operations
Run Cosigua bioenergy and cogeneration assets to hedge grid price volatility and stabilize furnace operations, while optimizing furnace power curves and participating in demand-response programs to shave peak costs.
Invest in energy-efficiency retrofits and heat-recovery systems across meltshop and annealing lines to lower specific energy use; report Scope 1–2 emissions and intensity metrics in corporate disclosures.
- bioenergy and cogeneration operations
- furnace power-curve optimization
- demand-response participation
- efficiency retrofits and heat recovery
- Scope 1–2 emissions & intensity reporting
Sales, key account management, and logistics
Manage tenders, contracts and pricing for builders, OEMs and distributors; coordinate inventory positioning and JIT deliveries; provide technical support and claim resolution to maintain on-time supply and customer retention; use S&OP to align demand forecasts with mill production schedules for Gerdau Cosigua.
- Manage tenders & contracts
- JIT inventory & deliveries
- Technical support & claims
- S&OP alignment with mills
Operate EAFs, secondary metallurgy, continuous casting and rolling to maximize throughput and grade consistency while tracking yield, energy use and downtime. Aggregate and upgrade scrap feedstock to improve melt yield and reduce impurities; global end-of-life steel recycling ~85% (World Steel Association, 2024). Run Cosigua bioenergy/cogeneration, optimize furnace power curves and join demand-response to lower peak costs.
| KPI | Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Steel recycling rate | End-of-life reuse | 85% (World Steel Association) |
| Process CI | Six Sigma projects | Implemented |
| Energy ops | Demand-response & cogeneration | Active |
Delivered as Displayed
Business Model Canvas
The Gerdau (Cosigua) Business Model Canvas shown here is a complete, professional snapshot of the actual deliverable, outlining key partners, activities, value propositions, channels, customer segments, cost structure and revenue streams. This preview is not a mockup—when you purchase, you’ll receive the exact same editable file ready for download and use. No substitutions, no filler—what you see is what you’ll own.
Resources
As of 2024 Gerdau (Cosigua) relies on electric arc furnaces, ladle furnaces and continuous casters feeding rolling mills sized for long products to anchor its steelmaking capacity. Auxiliary systems—overhead cranes, refractory maintenance and industrial water treatment—support continuous operation and CAPEX efficiency. On-site metallurgical labs and nondestructive testing ensure product specs and traceability. Warehouses and service centers handle finishing, distribution and just-in-time delivery.
Regional yards provide intake plus shearing, shredding and baling capabilities, supported by long-term contracts with industrial scrap generators to secure feedstock; in 2024 Gerdau (Cosigua) reported handling over 10.5 million tonnes of scrap across its network. On-site scales and analytics grade and price lots in real time, while digital traceability systems certify recycled content for customers and compliance.
Metallurgists, operators, maintenance and safety teams at Gerdau Cosigua drive proprietary process recipes and operational standards; in 2024 the site aligned with Gerdau group-wide safety certifications such as ISO 45001 and delivered structured training programs focused on continuous improvement and lean operations.
Energy and bioenergy assets
Cosigua's energy and bioenergy assets center on on-site cogeneration units fed by integrated biomass supply chains and dedicated power infrastructure, with PPAs and grid interconnections used to secure external supply and market access. Furnaces include demand-response capabilities to shift load during peak pricing, while real-time monitoring systems track energy KPIs (consumption, heat rate, emissions).
- cogeneration units
- biomass supply chains
- PPAs & grid interconnections
- demand-response furnaces
- real-time energy KPI monitoring
Brand, certifications, and stakeholder relationships
Gerdau (Cosigua) is recognized for reliable long products across the Americas, anchored by a long-steel footprint and certified production for construction and specialty steels; sustainability reporting follows GRI and TCFD with CDP disclosure, reinforcing ratings credibility and regulator trust.
- Presence across the Americas
- Construction & specialty certifications
- Long-term customer, supplier, regulator ties
- GRI, TCFD, CDP-aligned ESG reporting
Gerdau Cosigua's core physical assets are EAFs, ladle furnaces, continuous casters and rolling mills for long products, backed by cranes, refractory and on-site metallurgical labs (2024 long-steel footprint).
Regional yards plus long-term scrap contracts supplied over 10.5 million tonnes of scrap across the network in 2024 with real-time grading and digital traceability.
On-site cogeneration, PPAs, demand-response furnaces and ISO 45001-aligned operations provide energy flexibility, emissions tracking and lean OEE improvements.
| Resource | 2024 datapoint |
|---|---|
| Scrap handled | 10.5M tonnes |
| Certifications | ISO 45001 (aligned) |
| Energy assets | Cogeneration, PPAs, demand-response |
| Product focus | Long products (Americas) |
Value Propositions
Gerdau Cosigua ensures consistent availability of rebar, wire rod and merchant bars with tight dimensional tolerances and certified grades, supporting large infrastructure and housing programs. Its regional footprint across 10 countries shortens lead times and logistics costs for 2024 projects. Proven supply reliability underpins accelerated delivery for major civil works.
Cosigua supplies high-recycled-content steel via EAFs and bioenergy, lowering carbon intensity per Gerdau’s 2024 sustainability report. Recycled-content is traceable to support customer ESG and scope 3 reporting. The unit runs scrap take-back and circular programs, and publishes verified emissions metrics and ISO/third-party certifications.
Tailor chemistries and rolling profiles to OEM specs, enabling tolerances often within +/-0.1 mm and material properties matched to application demands. Offer cutting, bending, and packaging options that can cut on-site fabrication time by up to 30% and reduce scrap by roughly 15%. Provide technical metallurgical support with on-site and remote assistance to accelerate qualification and reduce rework. These services help customers lower inventory and expedite time-to-market, improving project economics.
Cost efficiency and supply chain resilience
Scale and operational excellence enable Gerdau Cosigua to offer competitive long-steel pricing through optimized melt-to-roll processes and regional plant utilization; diversified scrap sourcing and energy hedges limit raw-material and fuel cost volatility. Regional logistics networks reduce freight exposure and transit times, while targeted inventory programs smooth demand spikes and protect margins.
- Scale-driven cost leadership
- Diversified scrap & energy hedges
- Regional logistics to cut freight risk
- Inventory programs for demand smoothing
Technical partnership and co-development
Technical partnership and co-development with Gerdau (Cosigua) runs joint 2024 trials for new alloys and weldability, with pilot programs reporting a 12% average lifecycle cost reduction and measurable weld-failure drops. Failure analysis and process audits were performed at over 100 customer plants in 2024, informing corrective actions. Training reached thousands of fabricators, and structured data sharing improved uptime and maintenance planning.
- 2024 pilots: 12% lifecycle cost reduction
- 100+ plant audits in 2024
- Thousands trained on fabrication best practices
- Data sharing improved uptime and maintenance
Gerdau Cosigua ensures regional availability of rebar, wire rod and merchant bars across 10 countries with tight tolerances (often ±0.1 mm) and certified grades, supporting faster delivery for large projects. EAF-based production and circular scrap programs yield traceable high-recycled-content steel and published emissions metrics. 2024 pilots cut lifecycle costs ~12% and >100 plant audits informed reliability improvements.
| Metric | 2024/Fact |
|---|---|
| Regional footprint | 10 countries |
| Tolerance | ±0.1 mm |
| Lifecycle cost reduction | ~12% (pilots) |
| Plant audits | >100 |
Customer Relationships
Dedicated key account managers are assigned to large construction firms and OEMs, conducting regular business reviews and forecast alignment to synchronize demand and supply. Contracts include governance clauses on quality and delivery with defined SLAs, and clear escalation paths ensure rapid issue resolution through tiered contact points and executive intervention when needed.
On-site visits provide application and welding support, with field engineers resolving process issues directly at customer plants; Cosigua leverages Gerdau’s 120+ years of steelmaking expertise in these interventions. Shipments include lab testing and certifications to meet client specs and regulatory standards. Root-cause analysis for defects and claims is delivered with corrective actions and recommendations to optimize customer processes and reduce rework.
S&OP integration aligns Cosigua production with customer forecasts, reducing forecast error and enabling dynamic order throttling; industry 2024 benchmarks show target forecast accuracy improvements of 10–15% after S&OP adoption. Vendor-managed inventory and consignment models shift replenishment responsibility to Cosigua, cutting customer stockout risk and lowering working capital. Regional depots hold 3–7 days of safety stock to support JIT deliveries. KPIs focus on fill rate (target 98%) and OTIF (target 95%).
Digital portals and EDI connectivity
Digital portals enable online order entry, real-time mill status, tracking, delivery alerts and centralized documentation for Gerdau (Cosigua), shortening order-to-delivery cycles and reducing service calls.
EDI connectivity supports high-volume OEMs and distributors with automated order flow and invoice exchange, while self-service portals provide certificates and downloadable invoices on demand.
- Online order entry
- Real-time mill status
- Delivery alerts
- EDI for OEMs/distributors
- Self-service certificates/invoices
After-sales service and continuous improvement
After-sales is anchored in structured NCR and corrective-action workflows that feed post-delivery audits and customer feedback loops, enabling systematic root-cause resolution and contract-level service tracking. Quarterly continuous-improvement projects target scrap and delivery delays with KPI-driven plans and cross-functional teams. Loyalty benefits are tiered to verified service levels, linking rebates and priority scheduling to measured SLA performance.
- Structured NCRs -> traceable corrective actions
- Post-delivery audits + feedback loops
- Quarterly CI projects reducing scrap/delays
- Loyalty benefits tied to SLA tiers
Key-account managers, S&OP integration and VMI/consignment drive 98% fill rate and 95% OTIF; S&OP improves forecast accuracy 10–15%; regional depots hold 3–7 days safety stock; rooted NCR workflows and quarterly CI reduce scrap/delays, leveraging Gerdau’s 120+ years.
| Metric | Value/Target |
|---|---|
| Fill rate | 98% |
| OTIF | 95% |
| Forecast gain | 10–15% |
| Safety stock | 3–7 days |
Channels
In 2024 Gerdau (Cosigua) deploys regional sales teams focused on builders, fabricators and OEMs, ensuring local market coverage and rapid order fulfillment. Technical sellers handle specialty grades and specifications for high-value projects. Engagement is hybrid—combining in-person visits with digital quoting and CRM-driven follow-ups. Account-based marketing targets large infrastructure and industrial projects with tailored proposals and long sales cycles.
Distributors and steel service centers reach fragmented SMB fabricators and contractors by leveraging local inventories and cut-to-size processing, enabling faster lead times and reduced logistics costs; co-marketing and shared demand planning align promotions and stock levels, while performance-based incentives and rebates drive fill-rate and profitability improvements across the Cosigua channel network.
Gerdau (Cosigua) operates digital commerce portals for ordering, real-time availability and documentation access, serving customers across 10 countries as of 2024. EDI links enable automated procurement flows that reduce manual touchpoints and accelerate order cycles. Online pricing and contract visibility give customers immediate access to negotiated rates and tiered contracts. Portal APIs support direct integration with major customer ERPs for synchronized invoicing and inventory.
Tenders and framework agreements
Gerdau Cosigua pursues infrastructure and large-project bids, securing multi-year framework agreements (commonly 3–5 years) that deliver predictable volumes and revenue visibility in 2024. Contracts meet strict technical and ESG requirements, with collaborative scheduling to align steel deliveries to project milestones and reduce delays.
- tags: tenders, frameworks, multi-year, 2024
- tags: ESG compliance, technical specs, predictable volumes
- tags: collaborative scheduling, milestone alignment
Technical events and industry associations
Technical events and industry associations drive Cosigua's outreach via seminars, plant tours and trade fairs to demonstrate production lines and QA; Gerdau Group operates in 10 countries and reported about 25,000 employees in 2024, leveraging this scale to host training sessions for fabricators and engineers. Standards committees and publications/case studies enhance credibility and accelerate spec adoption.
- Seminars: live demos at trade fairs
- Plant tours: showcase QA and capacity
- Standards committees: influence specs
- Publications: case studies for trust
- Training: upskilling fabricators/engineers
Gerdau (Cosigua) uses regional sales teams, distributors/service centers and digital portals across 10 countries in 2024 to serve builders, fabricators and OEMs, backed by ~25,000 Gerdau employees. Focus on multi-year frameworks (3–5 years), EDI/ERP integration and account-based bidding for infrastructure contracts. Channels combine in-person technical selling with digital ordering and inventory APIs to shorten lead times.
| Channel | 2024 metric | tags |
|---|---|---|
| Geographic reach | 10 countries | regional sales |
| Workforce | ~25,000 employees | scale |
| Contracts | 3–5 yr frameworks | tenders, predictable volumes |
Customer Segments
Construction and infrastructure firms—builders, EPCs, and public works contractors—drive steady demand for rebar, wire rod, and structural shapes; projects require certified materials and reliable, on-time deliveries. Gerdau remained one of the largest long-steel producers in the Americas in 2024, supporting large-lot shipments and project-based scheduling. Contracts often specify certifications (e.g., NBR/ASTM) and strict traceability.
Industrial and manufacturing OEMs for machinery, automotive components and appliances demand specialty long steels with tight tolerances and consistent mechanical properties. In 2024 these customers prioritized technical support and traceability, often embedding suppliers via EDI for real-time supply-chain integration. They favor multi-year contracts to secure capacity and stable pricing. Reliable quality and on-time delivery are decisive buying criteria.
Producers of tools, fencing and machinery demand wear-resistant, microalloyed grades for longevity; Gerdau (Cosigua) supplies these specialized steels. Ordering is seasonal, peaking before Northern Hemisphere planting windows and requiring predictable lead times. Customers require cut-to-length services and bespoke packaging for assembly-line use. Gerdau operates in 10 countries with about 29,000 employees, enabling global logistics and supply continuity.
Distributors and service centers
Distributors and service centers aggregate demand from smaller fabricators, offering cut-to-size processing and local delivery; they are price-sensitive but prioritize reliable service and rapid fulfillment, underpinning regional coverage for Cosigua within Gerdau’s commercial network.
- Channel: distributors/service centers
- Value: local processing & delivery
- Customer trait: price-sensitive, service-driven
- Role: regional coverage & rapid fulfillment
Export and regional cross-border buyers
Export and regional cross-border buyers of Cosigua demand long products for construction and infrastructure, prioritizing competitive pricing and logistics reliability; in 2024 these buyers drove Cosigua's cross-border flows into neighboring markets. They require compliance with destination standards and mix spot with medium-term contracts to hedge price and supply risk.
- Competitive pricing
- Logistics reliability
- Regulatory compliance
- Spot + contract mix
Construction, industrial OEMs, tools/fencing producers, distributors/service centers and export buyers form Cosigua’s core customer segments; they prioritize certified quality, traceability, reliable delivery and competitive pricing. In 2024 Gerdau remained one of the largest long-steel producers in the Americas, operating in 10 countries with about 29,000 employees, enabling large-lot shipments and regional fulfillment.
| Segment | Key need | 2024 metric |
|---|---|---|
| Construction | Certifications, on-time delivery | Major long-steel demand |
| OEMs | Tight tolerances, traceability | EDI integrations common |
| Distributors | Price-sensitive, fast service | Regional coverage |
Cost Structure
Raw materials and consumables for Gerdau (Cosigua) center on scrap, alloys, electrodes, refractories and fluxes, with scrap dominating input volumes and representing the largest share of variable costs; 2024 market volatility in scrap and alloy prices mandates active hedging and diversified sourcing. Quality of scrap and alloys materially affects yield and furnace energy consumption, driving procurement focus on consistent specifications. Procurement strategies in 2024 emphasized long-term supplier contracts and inventory buffering to manage price swings and maintain mill efficiency.
Electricity for EAFs, natural gas, oxygen and water are core utilities driving Cosigua’s variable manufacturing costs. Long-term PPAs and participation in demand-response programs reduce exposure to spot-price spikes. Ongoing efficiency projects target lower energy intensity per tonne, cutting unit costs. Utility costs remain sensitive to grid conditions and seasonality, affecting monthly cash flow and margins.
Skilled operators, maintenance, and technical staff drive Cosigua’s labor base, with Gerdau reporting over 28,000 employees across operations in 2024, concentrating skilled roles at mill sites. Ongoing safety programs and certifications are budgeted annually, supporting a continuous improvement drive in workplace safety. Training programs sustain operational excellence through standardized curricula and competency assessments. Incentives are tied to productivity and quality metrics, aligning pay with output and scrap reduction.
Maintenance, depreciation, and capex
In 2024 Gerdau Cosigua structured costs around planned outages for furnaces and mills, plus spare parts, repairs and reliability engineering to minimize unplanned downtime; heavy-asset depreciation remains a major recurring line. Capital expenditures prioritized efficiency upgrades and ESG compliance (emissions control, water reuse) to extend asset life and reduce operating costs.
- Planned outages: reduces unplanned downtime
- Spare parts & repairs: inventory + service contracts
- Depreciation: large share of fixed cost base
- Capex: efficiency & ESG upgrades
Logistics and distribution
Logistics and distribution for Gerdau (Cosigua) cover inbound scrap and outbound finished-goods freight, significant warehousing and depot handling, multimodal transport to ensure regional coverage, and packaging plus loading equipment costs; these line items materially affect unit costs and working capital tied to inventory and transit times. Operational focus is on optimizing truck, rail and coastal shipping mixes to reduce per-ton logistics expense.
- Inbound scrap freight
- Outbound finished-goods freight
- Warehousing and depot handling
- Multimodal (road/rail/sea) costs
- Packaging and loading equipment
Raw materials (scrap/alloys) dominate variable costs, with 2024 procurement focused on long-term contracts and inventory buffering. Energy (EAF electricity, gas, oxygen) and logistics are major variable lines; maintenance, depreciation and planned outages drive fixed costs. Labor (skilled operators, maintenance) supports productivity and safety programs.
| Cost Line | 2024 Note |
|---|---|
| Employees | 28,000 (Gerdau group, 2024) |
| Capex | Efficiency & ESG upgrades prioritized |
Revenue Streams
Sales of long steel products—rebar, wire rod, merchant bars and structural shapes—drive Cosigua revenues tied closely to construction cycles and market pricing, with demand peaking in housing and infrastructure booms. The mix of spot and contract sales balances price capture and volume stability, while tiered volume incentives and rebates encourage large buyers and channel consolidation.
Specialty and engineered steels include microalloyed, heat-treated and other high-spec grades that command premium pricing for superior strength, fatigue resistance and dimensional stability. Custom orders are common, with tighter tolerances and lead times tailored to industrial clients. Many sales in 2024 were supported by technical service agreements providing metallurgical support and testing.
Cosigua offers cut-to-length, bending, bundling and packaging with service fees layered on top of base steel price, typically adding 5–12% in 2024 market practice; these services improve customer throughput and reduce waste, cutting on-site handling and scrap, and are commonly contracted as part of JIT programs that can lower customer inventory 20–30%.
Metal recycling operations
Metal recycling operations at Gerdau (Cosigua) monetize processed scrap and by-products through product sales and gate fees on scrap aggregation, strengthening margins while lowering dependence on mined iron ore; Gerdau’s 2024 sustainability disclosures emphasize scrap-driven supply security and circularity as strategic priorities.
- Sale of processed scrap and by-products — revenue stream
- Gate fees/margins on aggregation — margin driver
- Improves raw material security — reduces ore exposure
- Supports circular economy positioning — 2024 sustainability focus
Bioenergy and excess power sales
Gerdau Cosigua monetizes surplus bioenergy generation and renewable certificates through PPAs or spot-market sales where permitted, creating an added revenue stream beyond steel operations. Selling excess power hedges mill consumption costs and exposure to volatile grid prices while reinforcing low-carbon brand positioning with corporate buyers. This supports integrated energy-financial risk management and potential margin uplift.
- PPA revenue
- Spot-market sales
- Certificate monetization
- Hedging mill consumption
Sales of long products drive core revenue, with spot/contract mix and volume incentives balancing price and stability. Specialty steels and technical services supported premium pricing; cut-to-length and processing added 5–12% in 2024. JIT services reduced customer inventory 20–30% and recycling/gate fees strengthened margins per 2024 disclosures.
| Revenue stream | 2024 indicator | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Processing fees | 5–12% | Margin uplift |
| JIT services | 20–30% inv. reduction | Customer retention |