Deutsche Post Business Model Canvas
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Unlock the strategic blueprint of a global logistics leader with a concise Business Model Canvas
Unlock the strategic blueprint behind Deutsche Post with our concise Business Model Canvas—three-to-five sentence insights into value propositions, key partners, and revenue levers that power its scale. Purchase the full Canvas for a section-by-section, editable Word & Excel file ideal for benchmarking, investor briefs, and strategic planning.
Partnerships
Airline and ocean carrier alliances
Partnerships with major airlines and shipping lines secure capacity and extend Deutsche Post DHL Groups global reach, serving over 220 countries and territories as of 2024. Long-term contracts stabilize rates and availability across peak seasons, smoothing spot-market volatility for customers. Co-planning with carriers enables optimized routing and multimodal integration, reducing transit times and improving service reliability.
Technology and data platform partners
Collaborations with TMS, WMS, IoT and analytics providers boost visibility and automation across Deutsche Post operations, reducing manual workflows and enabling automated exceptions handling. API integrations deliver real-time tracking and predictive ETAs for shippers and consumers, improving on-time performance and customer satisfaction. Cloud and cybersecurity partners support scalable, compliant operations as global cloud spend surpassed $600 billion in 2024, while joint innovation accelerates new digital products for shippers and consumers.
Last-mile and pickup point networks
Local couriers, over 10,000 Packstations and some 30,000 retail pickup points extend Deutsche Post’s final-mile reach, increasing delivery density and lowering failed deliveries by up to 25% in pilot studies. Flexible PUDO and locker options boost customer satisfaction and uptake, shifting volume away from costly home stops and cutting cost-per-stop by roughly 10–15%. Consolidated stops also reduce emissions per delivery by about 20–40% versus individual drops.
Customs, regulatory, and trade bodies
Close ties with customs authorities streamline clearance and reduce dwell times, with Deutsche Post DHL maintaining AEO authorizations across core EU and global hubs in 2024 to speed border processing. Compliance partners manage sanctions, VAT, and evolving cross-border rules to cut fines and avoid shipment holds. These partnerships lower delays and penalties for customers while improving predictability.
- Customs collaboration: AEO status (2024)
- Compliance: sanctions & VAT management
- Trade programs: faster border processing
- Outcome: fewer delays and penalties
Enterprise clients and 3PL/4PL ecosystems
Enterprise clients co-design tailored logistics solutions with Deutsche Post DHL, aligning volumes, inventory and service levels through joint business planning; 3PL/4PL collaborations expand scope and geographic footprint across 220+ countries and territories, supporting stable, multi-year revenue streams.
- Co-design: strategic accounts
- JBP: volumes, inventory, service
- Scale: 3PL/4PL, 220+ countries
- Revenue: stable multi-year contracts
Scale-secure logistics: 220+ country reach, 10,000+ PUDO points, real-time tracking
Partnerships with airlines and shipping lines secure capacity across 220+ countries (2024) and long-term contracts smooth peak pricing. Tech partners (TMS/WMS/IoT) enable real-time tracking, predictive ETAs and reduce manual exceptions. Local PUDO network (10,000+ Packstations, ~30,000 pickup points) cuts failed deliveries ~25% and cost-per-stop 10–15%.
| Partnership | Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Global carriers | Reach | 220+ countries |
| Digital partners | Cloud spend context | $600B global |
| Final-mile | Packstations/pickup | 10,000+/30,000 |
What is included in the product
Detailed Word Document
A comprehensive Business Model Canvas for Deutsche Post outlining customer segments, channels, value propositions, key activities, resources, partners, cost structure and revenue streams in one organized framework. Tailored to reflect real-world logistics, mail and e‑commerce operations, it highlights competitive advantages and linked SWOT insights for presentations, strategy work and investor discussions.
Customizable Excel Spreadsheet
Condenses Deutsche Post’s complex logistics, network, and revenue streams into a digestible one-page Business Model Canvas, saving hours of analysis and formatting. Editable and shareable for fast team collaboration, strategy reviews, or competitive comparisons.
Activities
Express and time-definite delivery operations
Operate integrated air and ground networks for urgent shipments across more than 220 countries and territories, handling millions of express shipments daily. Manage high-throughput sorting, dynamic routing and rapid dispatch to meet tight next‑day and time‑definite SLAs. Continuously optimize hubs and lane capacity to balance speed versus cost while maintaining strong on‑time performance and electronic proof‑of‑delivery systems.
Global freight forwarding management
Arrange door-to-door air, ocean, road and rail transport across a global network operating in over 220 countries and territories (2024), consolidating freight, negotiating carrier rates and managing capacity. Handle documentation, incoterms and customs brokerage to ensure compliance. Provide shipment visibility, proactive risk management and exception handling to minimize delays and claims.
Contract logistics and fulfillment
Deutsche Post designs and runs 1,300+ contract logistics sites worldwide, delivering e-commerce fulfillment and value-added services such as kitting, returns handling and postponement to shorten lead times. WMS deployment, automation and lean process rollouts drive standardized throughput and accuracy improvements across networks. Continuous improvement targets reduce cost per order and raise operational efficiency by up to 20% versus legacy baselines.
Network planning and optimization
Network planning and optimization coordinates capacity, routes and asset utilization across air, road and rail, using demand forecasts and real-time data to allocate resources and raise load factors. Cross-dock and last-mile density schemes improve throughput while reducing empty miles; Deutsche Post DHL Group operates in more than 220 countries and territories. Emissions are cut via alternative fuels, route optimization and the companys net-zero-by-2050 commitment.
- Plan capacity across modes
- Forecast demand with data
- Optimize load factors & cross-docks
- Increase last-mile density
- Reduce emissions (alt fuels, routing)
Customer service and digital enablement
Customer service and digital enablement deliver 24/7 multichannel support for B2B and B2C clients across more than 220 countries and territories, combining portals, APIs and real-time tracking to streamline operations. The function manages claims, billing and performance reporting while running compliance training and best-practice education for shippers and SMEs.
- Multichannel support (B2B/B2C)
- Portals, APIs, tracking tools
- Claims, billing, reporting
- Compliance education, best practices
Integrated air/ground network in 220+ countries, 1,300+ sites, millions/day
Operate integrated air/ground networks across 220+ countries handling millions of express shipments daily; manage high‑throughput sorting, dynamic routing and POD. Run 1,300+ contract logistics sites for e‑commerce fulfillment, automation and returns. Plan multimodal capacity, optimize last‑mile density and cut emissions toward net‑zero by 2050.
| Metric | Value (2024) |
|---|---|
| Countries/territories | 220+ |
| Contract logistics sites | 1,300+ |
| Shipments/day | Millions |
Full Version Awaits
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Resources
Global transport and logistics network
Air fleet access, hubs, vehicles and warehouses form the backbone: DHL Aviation operates ~260 aircraft, major hubs like Leipzig and Cincinnati, and hundreds of thousands of ground vehicles and handling sites. Cross-border capabilities reach 220+ countries and territories, enabling true global gateways. Standardized processes and scale—Deutsche Post DHL Group revenue EUR 88.1bn and ~588,000 employees (2023)—ensure consistency, scalability, reliability and speed.
Technology stack and data infrastructure
TMS/WMS, route-optimization engines and end-to-end tracking systems power Deutsche Post operations, while IoT devices and handheld scanners feed real-time telemetry into centralized platforms. Advanced analytics and AI drive demand forecasting, capacity planning and exception handling. Secure cloud platforms enable API integrations with customers and partners across more than 220 countries and territories, supporting a workforce of roughly 600,000 in 2024.
Skilled workforce and expertise
Operations, customs, engineering and customer service talent — part of Deutsche Post DHL Group’s global workforce of over 600,000 employees in 2024 — drive on-time execution and network resilience. A strong safety and compliance culture, underscored by group-wide compliance programs, reduces regulatory and operational risk. Continuous training programs sustain productivity and quality, while dedicated account management teams nurture key corporate relationships and retention.
Brand equity: Deutsche Post and DHL
Strong, trusted brands Deutsche Post and DHL signal reliability and global capability, with DHL present in over 220 countries and territories, helping justify premium pricing for time-critical services and reducing churn. Marketing, global sponsorships and logistic network visibility reinforce awareness and trust, lowering customer acquisition costs and supporting higher-margin express offerings.
- Brand reach: 220+ countries
- Supports premium pricing
- Lowers CAC via trust
- Marketing & sponsorships boost awareness
Sustainability assets and certifications
Sustainability assets—alternative-fuel fleets, expanding electric vans and green facilities—directly cut scope 1–2 emissions and support Deutsche Post DHL Group’s net‑zero by 2050 commitment; renewable‑energy contracts and carbon‑offset programs bolster ESG targets and investor reporting. Certifications such as ISO and AEO validate operational standards and strengthen bids, improving win rates in RFPs and securing long‑term contracts.
- net‑zero target: 2050
- ISO/AEO: regulatory validation
- green assets: RFP differentiation
Global logistics scale: EUR 88.1bn revenue, ~600,000 staff, AI visibility, net-zero 2050
Fleet (~260 aircraft), hubs, 220+ countries, EUR 88.1bn revenue (2023) and ~600,000 employees (2024) provide physical scale. TMS/WMS, AI forecasting, cloud APIs and IoT enable visibility and planning. Brand strength and sustainability (net‑zero 2050) support pricing and RFP wins.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Revenue (2023) | EUR 88.1bn |
| Employees (2024) | ~600,000 |
| Aircraft | ~260 |
| Countries | 220+ |
| Net‑zero | 2050 |
Value Propositions
End-to-end global logistics
End-to-end global logistics: Deutsche Post DHL Group in 2024 offers integrated express, freight and contract logistics across more than 220 countries and territories, delivering seamless multimodal solutions that simplify complexity. Its MyDHL+ and DHLi platforms provide one interface for booking, tracking and billing, while a single-provider model reduces handoffs, lowering risk and transit delays for international supply chains.
Speed and reliability at scale
As of 2024 Deutsche Post DHL Group delivers time-definite services with on-time performance above 90% for core express lanes, leveraging a global network in 220+ countries and territories and ~590,000 employees. A fleet of 260+ aircraft and extensive ground capacity maintains throughput during peak seasons. Predictive ETA tools and proactive exception handling reduce dwell and re-routes, ensuring consistent service levels across regions.
Visibility and data-driven control
Real-time tracking from pickup to delivery across 220+ countries and territories gives customers end-to-end visibility. Analytics dashboards surface shipment KPIs and cost breakdowns for routing and fuel spend. Configurable alerts and automated workflows speed exception handling and claims processing. RESTful APIs and developer tools integrate tracking, rates and events into customer systems.
Custom solutions and value-added services
- Tailored warehousing
- Fulfilment & special handling
- Life sciences & automotive
- Returns, kitting, customs brokerage
- Flexible SLAs
Sustainable logistics options
Deutsche Post’s GoGreen carbon-neutral shipping (launched 2007) and its net-zero-by-2050 commitment are core to sustainable logistics; route optimization and alternative fuels cut emissions by up to 30% in parcel and freight operations, while annual Sustainability Reports provide transparent ESG metrics and SBTi-aligned targets, enabling customers to advance their own decarbonization goals.
- #GoGreen
- #NetZero2050
- #RouteOpt
- #AltFuels
- #ESGReporting
- #CustomerTargets
220+ countries • ~590k staff • >90%
Integrated global logistics across 220+ countries and territories with ~590,000 employees and 260+ aircraft, offering single-provider multimodal solutions and MyDHL+/DHLi integration. Core express on-time performance >90% and predictive ETA reduce disruptions. GoGreen (since 2007) and net-zero-by-2050 cut emissions up to 30% via route optimization and alternative fuels.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Countries/territories | 220+ |
| Employees | ~590,000 |
| Aircraft | 260+ |
| On-time core express | >90% |
Customer Relationships
Dedicated account management
Key accounts receive dedicated account management with strategic planning and quarterly business reviews (4x/year) to align on targets. Joint KPI reviews, typically monthly (12x/year), drive continuous improvement and cost-to-serve optimization. Customized contracts and pricing frameworks (commonly 3–5 year terms) and close collaboration on forecasts and capacity—often up to a 52-week horizon—ensure operational reliability.
Self-service digital portals
Self-service digital portals offer online quotes, bookings and end-to-end tracking, consolidating document management and billing in one dashboard. By 2024 these portals accelerated turnaround, shifting routine transactions to self-service and reducing manual processing time. Integrated tutorials and knowledge bases drive adoption and lower support costs, enabling scalable customer relations for Deutsche Post.
Multichannel customer support
Phone, chat, email and in-app support are provided across all tiers with SLA-backed response and resolution targets to ensure consistency; specialized customs and technical desks handle complex cross-border and IT cases. Feedback loops from these channels feed product teams, informing improvements and reducing repeat contacts. Deutsche Post DHL Group employed around 550,000 people in 2024, underpinning scale and service capacity.
Proactive notifications and incident management
Post-incident root-cause analysis is integrated into incident management dashboards to reduce repeat disruptions and increase transparency, which drives customer trust and retention through measurable SLA improvements.
- real-time alerts: delay, weather, exception
- automated rebooking & contingency
- root-cause analysis post-incident
- transparency → trust & retention
Loyalty and contractual programs
Deutsche Post builds loyalty through volume discounts and tiered benefits, commonly structuring commercial agreements as multi-year contracts (typically 3–5 years) with defined service-level commitments and penalties. Co-marketing partnerships with e-commerce merchants boost parcel volumes and visibility, while performance credits and gainshare mechanisms align incentives and risk-sharing across clients.
- tiered discounts: volume-based pricing
- contract length: 3–5 years
- co-marketing: e-commerce partnerships
- incentives: performance credits / gainshare
Dedicated managers, 4 quarterly reviews & 12 KPI sessions; 84.6 bn EUR
Dedicated account managers run quarterly strategic reviews and monthly KPI sessions; contracts are typically 3–5 years with volume-tier pricing. Self-service portals and SLA-backed phone/chat/email support reduced manual processing in 2024; proactive alerts and RCA improve SLAs and retention. Scale: 84.6 billion EUR revenue and ~550,000 employees in 2024.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Revenue | 84.6 bn EUR |
| Employees | ~550,000 |
| Account reviews | 4/yr |
| KPI reviews | 12/yr |
| Contract length | 3–5 yrs |
Channels
Digital portals and mobile apps
Digital portals and mobile apps serve as the primary interface for booking, tracking and billing, consolidating shipment actions in one platform. Personalized dashboards by role enable operations, finance and sales teams to access role-specific KPIs and workflows. 24/7 accessibility spans more than 220 countries and territories, with push notifications and self-service workflows for instant updates and issue resolution.
APIs and EDI integrations
Direct system-to-system APIs and EDI integrations connect shippers to Deutsche Post systems to automate orders, labels and status updates, cutting manual handoffs and errors. They support large enterprise workflows and high-volume processing across more than 220 countries and territories served by Deutsche Post DHL Group. Integrations accelerate settlement and reporting for corporate customers.
Sales force and account teams
Sales force and account teams use consultative selling for enterprise and mid‑market clients, running solution‑design workshops and leading RFP responses to win complex contracts. Sector specialists tailor offers by industry to capture upsell and cross‑sell opportunities. Relationship building and dedicated account management drive renewals and long‑term revenue. Deutsche Post DHL Group operates in over 220 countries and employs about 590,000 people (2024).
Retail outlets and service points
Retail outlets and partner counters form Deutsche Post’s physical channel, providing drop-off/pickup, identity checks and returns that support consumers and small businesses; as of 2024 the network remains a core touchpoint reinforcing local presence and convenience.
- Supports consumers and SMBs
- Drop-off/pickup and returns
- On-site ID checks
- Strengthens local presence
Partner marketplaces and platforms
- Integrations: Shopify, Magento, WooCommerce
- Impact: ~20% lower abandonment
- SMB reach: >2 million (2024)
- Benefit: higher volume, low friction
Omnichannel network: 220+ countries, 2M+ SMBs, ~590k employees, ~20% lower cart abandonment
Omnichannel mix: digital portals, APIs and retail outlets connect customers across 220+ countries, enabling booking, tracking and self‑service. Enterprise sales teams and partner integrations drive large contracts and embedded checkout with ~20% lower cart abandonment. Network supports >2M SMBs and ~590,000 employees (2024).
| Channel | Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Geographic reach | Countries/territories | 220+ |
| SMB reach | SMBs served | >2,000,000 |
| Workforce | Employees | ~590,000 |
| Checkout impact | Cart abandonment | ~20% lower |
Customer Segments
Large multinational enterprises
Large multinationals rely on Deutsche Post for end-to-end management of complex global supply chains across over 220 countries and territories, handling several million shipments daily to meet high-volume freight and express needs. They demand strict SLAs and regulatory compliance, driving tailored compliance solutions and real-time analytics. Dedicated account teams provide 24/7 support and bespoke KPIs to optimize costs and resilience.
Small and medium-sized businesses
Small and medium-sized businesses use Deutsche Post for flexible shipping, fulfillment and cross-border solutions, with simple pricing and fast onboarding. They need rapid scalability during peak seasons and benefit from portals and platform integrations for order and inventory sync. Global e-commerce sales reached about 5.7 trillion USD in 2024, driving SMB parcel demand.
E-commerce retailers and marketplaces
E-commerce retailers and marketplaces rely on Deutsche Post for fast, reliable parcel delivery and streamlined returns, plus fulfillment and last-mile options including about 13,000 Packstations in Germany (2024) and locker networks across Europe. Checkout integrations deliver real-time rates and tracking, reducing cart abandonment. High service quality directly boosts conversion and repeat purchase rates, underpinning merchant loyalty.
Industries with specialized needs
Industries with specialized needs—life sciences, automotive, tech, and fashion—demand temperature control, JIT delivery, or high-security handling; Deutsche Post tailors SOPs and certifications (GDP, ISO) to meet regulatory and OEM requirements. Value-added services like kitting, postponement, and custom packaging reduce time-to-market and returns. Dedicated lanes and controlled facilities support service-level agreements for these verticals.
- life-sciences: temperature control, GDP
- automotive: JIT, high security
- tech: kitting, postponement
- fashion: fast lanes, returns handling
Consumers and prosumers
Consumers and prosumers use Deutsche Post for domestic and cross-border parcels and returns, with convenient pickup and delivery options including home delivery, Packstation and click&collect; transparent tracking and push notifications support occasional to frequent shippers via retail outlets and mobile apps. In 2024 the network handled over 2 billion parcels, sustaining high digital engagement and repeat usage.
- 2024 parcels: >2 billion
- Pickup: home, Packstation, retail
- Tracking: real-time notifications
- Channels: walk-in retail and mobile app
Global logistics: 220+ countries, >2B parcels, $5.7T e-commerce (2024)
Multinationals: end-to-end supply chains across 220+ countries, several million shipments daily, strict SLAs. SMBs: flexible shipping/fulfillment, driven by global e-commerce ~5.7T USD (2024). Consumers/e‑commerce: >2 billion parcels handled (2024), ~13,000 Packstations in DE. Verticals: life‑sciences, automotive, tech, fashion require GDP/ISO/JIT and temperature/security solutions.
| Segment | Key metrics |
|---|---|
| Multinationals | 220+ countries; millions shipments/day |
| SMBs | Driven by $5.7T e‑commerce (2024) |
| Consumers | >2B parcels (2024); 13,000 Packstations |
| Verticals | GDP/ISO, JIT, temp control |
Cost Structure
Transportation and fuel expenses
Air, ocean, road and rail capacity costs dominate Deutsche Post’s transport spend, with fuel and surcharges fluctuating materially with market-driven jet/road fuel prices; route and load optimization programs reduce unit costs, while long-term carrier and fuel hedge contracts smooth rate volatility and secure capacity.
Labor and staffing costs
Labor costs cover drivers, handlers, warehouse staff and support teams across Deutsche Post, reflecting a workforce of approximately 600,000 and personnel expenses of about €27.8bn in 2023; investments include training, safety and compliance programs. Overtime and peak-season temporary hiring drive variable costs, while competitive wages and benefits are prioritized to reduce turnover and secure capacity.
Facilities and equipment
Facilities and equipment costs cover global hubs, hundreds of warehouses, a fleet of delivery and long-haul vehicles, and high-throughput sorting automation, driving significant maintenance, lease and depreciation charges.
IT hardware and handheld scanners incur recurring refresh and integration costs; Deutsche Post DHL Group reported annual capital expenditures in the low single-digit billions of euros around 2023–2024 to sustain this network.
Ongoing investments target capacity expansion and efficiency—automation, electrification of vehicles and warehouse upgrades—raising short-term capex while lowering unit operating costs.
Technology and data operations
Technology and data operations at Deutsche Post concentrate spend on software licenses, cloud and cybersecurity, plus development and systems integration to link TMS/WMS and legacy platforms; 2024 saw the global logistics IoT market at about $18.2bn, driving investment in millions of trackers and connectivity modules, while analytics and AI optimize routing, throughput and predictive maintenance.
- licenses/cloud/cyber
- dev & integration
- IoT devices & connectivity
- analytics & AI
Regulatory, insurance, and ESG
In 2024 Deutsche Post bolstered customs compliance, certifications and audits to meet international trade rules and avoid sanctions; these controls feed into risk management and fines avoidance. Cargo and liability insurance premiums are managed centrally as a material operating cost. Sustainability programs and 2024 ESG reporting align capital allocation and operational controls to lower regulatory and climate risk.
- customs compliance & audits
- certifications (ISO, sector standards)
- cargo & liability insurance
- ESG reporting 2024
- fines avoidance & risk mgmt
Transport, fuel and labor drive costs; optimization, hedges and capex reduce volatility
Transport capacity and fuel dominate variable costs; route/load optimization and hedges cut volatility. Labor is ~600,000 employees with personnel expenses €27.8bn (2023). Capex ~€3bn p.a. for automation, electrification and IT; 2024 IoT market ~$18.2bn and stronger ESG/compliance spend increase operating costs.
| Item | 2023/24 |
|---|---|
| Workforce | ~600,000 |
| Personnel expense | €27.8bn (2023) |
| Capex | ~€3bn p.a. |
| IoT market | $18.2bn (2024) |
Revenue Streams
Express parcel and time-definite services
Express parcel and time-definite services command premium pricing for speed and reliability, supported by surcharges for weight, oversized dimensions and remote-area delivery; value-adds such as delivery windows, proof-of-delivery and signature options further justify higher yields. Strong B2B e-fulfilment contracts and rising B2C e-commerce demand sustain volume growth, with Deutsche Post DHL Group operating in over 220 countries and territories.
Freight forwarding (air, ocean, road, rail)
Freight forwarding generates buy-sell spread on capacity and service fees, typically capturing 5–15% margin on purchased air/ocean/road/rail capacity in 2024; project cargo and consolidation services accounted for meaningful uplifts, often contributing ~20% of forwarding revenue. Ancillary fees for documentation, customs clearance and special handling added roughly 8–12% of revenue. The contracted versus spot mix in 2024 skewed toward contracted volumes, roughly 65/35, stabilizing cash flow and margins.
Contract logistics and fulfillment
Contract logistics and fulfillment at Deutsche Post (DHL Supply Chain) monetizes warehousing, picking, packing and VAS through per-pallet/day storage and per-order throughput pricing, complemented by management fees and gainshare models tied to cost savings; Deutsche Post DHL Group reported €81.7 billion revenue in 2023. Long-term contracts with SLAs lock in throughput commitments, penalty/reward clauses and tiered pricing to stabilize margins and capacity planning.
Domestic and cross-border parcel services
Domestic and cross-border parcel services generate core revenue through national parcel deliveries, reverse logistics for returns, and PUDO-based pickup/drop-off networks that support high-frequency e-commerce flows.
Pricing is per shipment with tiered volume discounts for large shippers plus optional paid insurance and cash-on-delivery services, boosting average revenue per parcel and ancillary margins.
E-commerce growth remains the primary demand driver, increasing parcel density and yielding steady topline growth and higher attachment rates for paid services.
- National parcels, returns, PUDO
- Per-shipment pricing with volume discounts
- Optional insurance and COD upsells
- E-commerce-driven volume growth
Customs brokerage and ancillary services
- clearance-fees
- duties-management-advisory
- insurance-packaging-billing
- address-correction-redelivery-fees
- data-visibility-subscriptions
Premiums and value-adds raise ARPU; freight margins 5–15% with contract mix 65/35
Express premiums, surcharges and value-adds drive high ARPU; freight forwarding margins ~5–15% (2024) with contracted/spot ~65/35; contract logistics monetizes per-pallet/day and per-order fees—Group revenue €88.2bn (2023); customs, visibility and redelivery fees boost yield and recurring revenue.
| Stream | Metric | 2023/24 |
|---|---|---|
| Group revenue | €bn | 88.2 (2023) |
| Forwarding margin | % | 5–15 (2024) |
| Contract/spot | mix | 65/35 (2024) |