B. Riley Financial Business Model Canvas
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B. Riley Financial Bundle
Unlock the strategic blueprint behind B. Riley Financial with our concise Business Model Canvas—three to five sentences that map value propositions, key partners, revenue streams, and growth levers. Download the full, editable Word & Excel canvas to benchmark, plan, or pitch with investor-grade clarity. Purchase now for actionable, company-specific insights.
Partnerships
Partnering with deal syndicate banks expands B. Riley's distribution for equity and debt offerings and, in 2024, supported its participation in multiple mid‑market ECM and DCM syndicates. These alliances help price deals efficiently and spread underwriting risk through shared commitments. Shared bookrunning enhances credibility with issuers and investors while creating reciprocal pipeline opportunities across partner firms.
Relationships with asset managers, hedge funds and credit funds drive B. Riley deal placement, tapping a global institutional investor base that exceeds $120 trillion as of 2024 to secure reliable demand. Consistent buy-side interest improves execution certainty and economics, reducing hold risk and tightening spreads. Active co-investment capacity enables participation in larger transactions while feedback loops from LPs refine origination and structuring.
External counsel and auditors ensure transaction integrity and regulatory adherence, a critical function for B. Riley given its mix of advisory, wealth and principal activities. Expert legal and accounting partners accelerate diligence, documentation and closings, shortening deal timelines and improving certainty. They reduce legal and compliance risk across advisory, wealth management and principal investing, and specialized advisors bolster complex restructurings and special situations in 2024.
Data, Research & Technology Providers
Market data, analytics and low-latency trading infrastructure are critical to B. Riley’s research and execution; major providers like Bloomberg reported roughly 325,000 terminals worldwide in recent years, underscoring industry reliance on licensed feeds. Partnerships enable scalable client portals and CRM integrations, while advanced tools bolster risk management and compliance surveillance. Third-party insights complement proprietary research to broaden coverage and speed trade decisions.
- Data feeds: Bloomberg ~325,000 terminals
- Use cases: client portals, CRM
- Controls: surveillance & risk tools
- Research: third-party + proprietary
Strategic Co-investors & Operating Partners
Strategic co-investors provide capital and sector expertise on principal investments, while operating partners drive post-acquisition value creation through operational improvements and integrations, enabling B. Riley to execute larger, more complex deals and broaden thematic reach.
- Co-investors: shared capital and expertise
- Operating partners: operational value creation
- Joint theses: expanded sector origination
- Shared exits: improved IRR and deal outcomes
Partnerships expand B. Riley's distribution and underwriting reach, supporting mid‑market ECM/DCM syndicates and shared bookrunning. Relationships with asset managers and credit funds tap a global institutional investor base exceeding $120 trillion in 2024, improving execution certainty. Market data partners (Bloomberg ~325,000 terminals) and legal/audit advisors shorten timelines and reduce transaction risk.
| Partner | 2024 metric |
|---|---|
| Institutional investors | > $120 trillion |
| Market data (Bloomberg) | ~325,000 terminals |
What is included in the product
A comprehensive Business Model Canvas for B. Riley Financial detailing customer segments, channels, value propositions, revenue streams, key resources and partners, plus SWOT-linked insights and competitive advantages for strategic decision-making.
Shareable, editable one-page canvas that condenses B. Riley Financial’s strategy into a clean, boardroom-ready snapshot, saving hours of structuring and enabling fast team collaboration and side-by-side comparisons.
Activities
B. Riley Financial (NASDAQ: RILY) originates and executes equity, debt and hybrid financings, leading underwriting, bookbuilding and syndication into institutional channels; it provides issuer valuation and market positioning while using ongoing market intelligence to time offerings and optimize deal structures for investors and corporates.
B. Riley Financial’s M&A and restructuring advisory executes buy-side and sell-side mandates across the middle market, handling special situations, distressed exchanges and bankruptcy advisory. The group provides fairness opinions and board advisory services while leading integration planning and stakeholder negotiations. In 2024 the firm continued advising middle-market clients under ticker RILY, emphasizing cross-border and domestic transaction support.
Wealth & Asset Management delivers portfolio construction, financial planning and discretionary mandates driven by product selection across equities, credit, alternatives and SMAs, supporting tax-aware, goals-based strategies. Client onboarding, suitability assessments and periodic reviews are integrated into workflows to support outcomes. B. Riley Financial reported FY 2024 revenue of approximately $1.3 billion, underscoring scale of advisory capabilities.
Principal Investing & Trading
Principal investing and trading at B. Riley deploys firm capital into loans, securities, and operating businesses, combining active trading and market-making to enhance returns while managing liquidity; B. Riley reported $1.78 billion revenue in FY2023, reflecting scale across its capital deployment activities. Rigorous risk assessment, hedging, and portfolio management optimize exposures and support exit strategies via sales, refinancings, or IPOs.
- Capital deployment: loans, securities, operating companies
- Trading: active market-making and liquidity provision
- Risk: hedging, portfolio management
- Exits: sales, refinancings, IPOs
Research, Sales & Distribution
Research, Sales & Distribution at B. Riley in 2024 blends equity and credit research to generate investable insights, institutional sales coverage for new issues and secondary flow, corporate access and investor education, and content-driven client engagement to drive idea generation.
Research-led content and targeted sales efforts support capital raises, secondary trading and investor outreach, reinforcing B. Riley’s advisory and distribution franchise throughout 2024.
- Equity and credit research — investable insights
- Institutional sales — new issues & secondary flow
- Corporate access — investor education
- Content-driven engagement — idea generation
B. Riley Financial originates and syndicates equity, debt and hybrid financings, provides M&A and restructuring advisory across the middle market, and manages wealth, asset management and principal investing with active trading and risk hedging. FY2024 advisory and wealth revenue approx $1.3 billion; FY2023 capital deployment/trading revenue reported $1.78 billion. Research and institutional sales support distribution and deal flow.
| Key Activity | 2023/2024 Metric |
|---|---|
| Advisory & Wealth (FY2024) | $1.3B revenue |
| Capital Deployment/Trading (FY2023) | $1.78B revenue |
Delivered as Displayed
Business Model Canvas
The B. Riley Financial Business Model Canvas you see here is the actual deliverable, not a mockup or sample. When you purchase, you’ll receive this same comprehensive file—fully formatted and editable—so you can immediately use it for analysis, presentations, or strategic planning in Word and Excel. No surprises, just the exact document shown.
Resources
Bankers, advisors, traders, and wealth managers at B. Riley drive origination and execution across M&A, capital markets, and wealth platforms. Deep C-suite and sponsor networks power consistent deal flow and strategic access to sponsors and corporates. Sector specialists accelerate diligence and execution, adding credibility and speed to transactions. FINRA/SEC-licensed talent ensures compliant delivery; B. Riley operates publicly as NASDAQ RILY.
Broker-dealer and RIA platforms at B. Riley enable underwriting, advisory, and wealth services across the group, supporting a diversified 2024 revenue base of about $2.04 billion. Operational infrastructure handles custody, clearing, and settlement functions to support client flows. Integrated CRM and OMS streamline advisor workflows and trade execution. Robust compliance frameworks protect the franchise and regulatory standing.
Firm capital—including $7.4 billion of total assets and equity—backs underwriting, lending, and principal investments, enabling multi‑stage deal underwriting. Balance‑sheet flexibility enhances client confidence, reflected in access to $2.0 billion in committed credit lines that scale transaction capacity. Prudent risk limits and capital allocation frameworks protect returns and support resilient ROE targets.
Proprietary Research & Data
Proprietary in-house research at B. Riley underpins origination and investor engagement, with 2024 coverage intensifying deal flow and client outreach. Historical transaction datasets inform pricing and terms, while analytics quantify risk and forecast performance to refine client recommendations. These insights differentiate B. Riley in competitive pitch processes.
- In-house research drives origination
- Historical deals inform pricing
- Analytics guide risk & recommendations
- Insights create competitive edge
Brand, Licenses & Risk Systems
B. Riley is a recognized middle-market advisory and special situations firm, founded in 1997 (27 years in 2024), known for restructuring and M&A mandates. SEC and FINRA registrations enable multi-line operations across investment banking, capital markets and asset management. Robust risk systems monitor market, credit and operational exposures and reputation capital supports premium mandates.
- Ticker: BRLY
- Founded: 1997 (27 years in 2024)
- Regulatory: SEC and FINRA registrations
- Risk coverage: market, credit, operational
Bankers, advisors and wealth managers drive M&A, capital markets and wealth origination; 2024 group revenue about $2.04 billion. Firm capital ($7.4 billion total assets/equity) and $2.0 billion committed credit lines support underwriting and principal investing. SEC/FINRA licenses, broker-dealer/RIA platforms and proprietary research underpin compliant execution and deal flow.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Revenue | $2.04B |
| Total assets/equity | $7.4B |
| Committed credit | $2.0B |
Value Propositions
Full-service advisory combines strategic advice with underwriting and capital solutions, leveraging B. Riley (NASDAQ: RILY) balance-sheet capacity to support transactions in 2024. One-stop capability reduces friction for issuers and owners, streamlining underwriting, due diligence and financing. Balance-sheet support improves certainty of execution, enabling faster, coordinated decisions and quicker deal closure.
Tailored processes for founder-led and sponsor-backed companies target the middle-market (annual revenues roughly $10M–$1B), aligning governance and earnout structures to owner objectives. Lean deal teams accelerate timelines and reduce transaction costs through tighter coordination. Sector expertise shortens diligence cycles by focusing on key commercial and operational levers. Efficient execution maximizes realized value in competitive auctions.
B. Riley investing firm capital alongside clients signals conviction and, per 2024 industry surveys, institutional allocators increased co-invest allocations to about 15% of PE commitments, demonstrating demand for aligned exposure. Co-invest fee structures—often fee-only or reduced carried interest—align fees with outcomes and can lower blended client costs by 100–200 basis points in practice, sharing upside and fostering long-term relationships.
Customized Wealth & Institutional Solutions
Customized wealth and institutional solutions deliver bespoke portfolios across public, private, and alternative assets, with tax-aware planning tied to liquidity events and wealth transfers. Open-architecture product shelves avoid in-house conflicts, and ongoing advice adapts as client goals change; B. Riley Financial trades under RILY, founded 1997.
Distressed & Special Situations Expertise
B. Riley leverages an experienced restructuring team across complex capital stacks to provide creditor and debtor advisory services, expanding strategic options in distress scenarios. Principal capital flexibility enables tailored, creative financing while prioritizing rapid, recovery-maximizing outcomes. The firm emphasizes speed and recovery value in each engagement.
- Experienced restructuring professionals
- Creditor and debtor advisory breadth
- Principal capital for creative financing
- Focus on speedy, recovery-maximizing results
Full-service advisory+balance-sheet support speeds execution for issuers, targeting middle-market deals ($10M–$1B annual revenue) and improving certainty of close.
Founder/sponsor-tailored processes and lean teams shorten diligence; sector focus reduces time to close.
Co-invest alignment (2024: allocators ~15% of PE commitments) and fee saves ~100–200 bps share upside.
| Value prop | Impact | 2024 stat |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet support | Faster closes | $10M–$1B target |
| Co-invest | Lower fees | 15% alloc.; 100–200bps |
Customer Relationships
Dedicated coverage teams at B. Riley (RILY on NASDAQ in 2024) deliver sector and sponsor coverage to create consistent client touchpoints across advisory, capital markets and valuation services.
Relationship managers coordinate cross-sell across services to capture synergies and sustain pipeline momentum.
Proactive idea flow and senior engagement from experienced partners anchor trust and conversion in complex transactions.
White-glove advisory on critical transactions, with dedicated teams driving deal execution; regular steering committees complemented by weekly updates to stakeholders. Deliver board-ready materials with 3-scenario analysis and stress-tested financial models. Maintain strict confidentiality and 24–48 hour turnaround for deliverables under NDAs.
Long-term wealth partnerships at B. Riley (RILY) center on scheduled ongoing reviews, rebalancing, and planning checkpoints aligned to lifecycle strategies from liquidity to legacy, with transparent reporting and fee clarity embedded in client dashboards. Multi-generational relationship management leverages dedicated family-office capabilities and coordinated succession planning across investment, tax, and estate specialists.
Thought Leadership & Research Access
B. Riley leverages timely reports, webinars, and sector primers to deliver thought leadership and research access that reinforces credibility and client retention across its investment banking, asset management, and advisory units.
Corporate access and expert calls provide institutions direct insight for deal discovery and execution, while market outlooks shape timing and strategy for portfolio managers and corporate clients.
Post-Transaction Support
Post-transaction support at B. Riley focuses on integration, financing optimization, and investor relations advisory, aligning operational milestones with tailored capital structures and IR messaging to preserve deal value. The firm monitors covenants and performance post-close through regular reporting and covenant dashboards to detect early deviations and trigger remediation. Follow-on offerings and add-on M&A are sourced from integration insights to accelerate accretion and synergy capture. Continuous feedback loops from portfolio teams and investors refine sourcing and value-creation playbooks.
- Integration-led financing optimization
- Monthly covenant & performance monitoring
- IR advisory tied to capital strategy
- Follow-on offerings & add-on M&A pipeline
- Continuous feedback to refine strategy
Dedicated coverage teams deliver sector and sponsor coverage, creating consistent touchpoints across advisory, capital markets, and valuation services.
Relationship managers coordinate cross-sell to capture synergies, sustain pipeline momentum, and drive senior engagement on complex deals.
White-glove execution with 24–48 hour NDA turnarounds, board-ready materials, and post-close integration oversight preserves deal value.
Ongoing wealth partnerships use scheduled reviews, transparent dashboards, and multi-generational planning to maximize retention.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Listing | NASDAQ: RILY |
| Turnaround | 24–48 hours |
Channels
Primary origination runs through a direct salesforce of over 300 coverage bankers and advisors (2024), driving relationship-led pitching and mandate wins. Relationship-led pitching secures mandates via in-person meetings and virtual calls that together drive conversion across deal flows. Local on-the-ground presence in key markets enhances access to mid-market issuers and sponsor networks.
Secure client portals centralize reporting, research, and documents while data rooms support M&A diligence; streamlined onboarding with e-signature (DocuSign serves over 1 million customers as of 2024) accelerates deal flow and compliance. Digital engagement scales service delivery, lowering per-client servicing costs and enabling broader coverage without linear headcount growth.
Thematic conferences and webinars connect issuers and investors, with B. Riley leveraging sector-focused panels to showcase expertise and deal case studies; industry event pipelines accounted for a rising share of advisory mandates in 2024 as live events regained momentum. Targeted attendance drives lead generation—conversion of qualified leads into mandates after follow-ups typically outpaces digital channels. Follow-up processes convert interest into signed engagements through curated outreach and deal teams.
Referral Networks & Partners
Referral Networks & Partners drive introductions from sponsors, attorneys, CPAs, and executives, creating warm, vetted opportunities that in 2024 industry data showed convert at roughly 4x the rate of cold leads. Reciprocal referrals with ecosystem players and incentive-aligned collaboration expand reach and diversify deal flow, boosting advisory and capital markets pipelines for B. Riley.
- Introductions: sponsors, attorneys, CPAs, executives
- Reciprocal referrals: ecosystem partners
- Incentive-aligned collaboration: expands reach
- Warm leads: higher close rates (~4x cold)
Syndication Desks & Exchanges
Syndication desks and exchanges distribute new issues to institutional buyers via B. Riley Securities and partner desks, routing allocations to buy-side accounts to optimize initial placement. Secondary trading channels improve liquidity and price discovery across venues, increasing market visibility and supporting fair pricing. Broad placement across institutional networks typically enhances execution outcomes and reduces volatility around issuance.
- Distribution: institutional allocations via B. Riley Securities
- Liquidity: secondary channels enhance trading depth
- Visibility: supports price discovery
- Execution: broad placement improves outcomes
Primary origination runs through a direct salesforce of over 300 coverage bankers and advisors (2024), combining in-person and virtual pitching to secure mandates. Secure client portals and DocuSign (serving over 1,000,000 customers in 2024) speed onboarding and diligence. Thematic live events regained momentum in 2024 and, with referral networks, drive warm leads that convert ~4x cold outreach. Syndication via B. Riley Securities broadens institutional placement.
| Metric | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Coverage bankers | 300+ |
| DocuSign users | 1,000,000+ |
| Warm lead conversion vs cold | ~4x |
Customer Segments
Founder-led and sponsor-backed companies seek B. Riley for tailored capital solutions, spanning public and private issuers across industries. Their needs center on M&A execution, financing packages, and strategic advisory delivered with speed. Clients place high value on certainty of close and rapid response times in competitive deal processes. B. Riley’s integrated platform aligns underwriting, restructuring, and advisory to meet those demands.
Financial sponsors and private equity—buyout, growth, and special situations investors—rely on B. Riley for sell-side processes, debt raises, and add-on M&A execution. With global private equity dry powder near $2.5 trillion in 2024, sponsors seek sector insights and lending partners to deploy capital efficiently. They value B. Riley's co-invest and underwriting support to accelerate deal certainty and leverage financing.
Institutional investors—asset managers, hedge funds (global AUM about 4.2 trillion USD in 2023 per Preqin), insurers (global insurance sector assets ~36 trillion USD in 2023 per Swiss Re) and credit funds—seek research-driven allocation opportunities and liquidity. They lead demand in new issues and secondary markets and prioritize differentiated origination for yield and risk-adjusted returns. B. Riley targets these flows with bespoke origination and market-making solutions.
Entrepreneurs, HNW & UHNW Clients
Entrepreneurs, HNW & UHNW clients receive bespoke wealth management and planning with tailored portfolios that reflect concentrated holdings and business-linked risk profiles. They are supported with liquidity-event advisory and tax-strategy planning for exits and succession. Clients gain access to alternatives and co-investments alongside high-touch service and strict confidentiality.
- Wealth management & planning
- Liquidity-event advisory & tax strategies
- Alternatives & co-investments
- High-touch service & confidentiality
- Client thresholds: HNW >1,000,000; UHNW >30,000,000 (2024)
Distressed Companies & Creditor Groups
Distressed companies and creditor groups include debtors in restructuring and special situations, plus ad hoc creditor committees and secured lenders seeking valuation, negotiation, and process management to maximize recoveries and shorten time-to-resolution in 2024 market conditions.
Clients demand forensic valuation, DIP financing advice, and auction/process oversight to protect recovery value; B. Riley’s restructuring teams prioritize cash-preserving strategies and accelerated timelines amid elevated 2024 restructuring activity.
- Clients: debtors, ad hoc committees, secured lenders
- Needs: valuation, negotiation, process mgmt
- Focus: recovery rate, time-to-resolution
Founder-led sponsors, PE firms, institutions, HNW/UHNW and distressed creditors use B. Riley for M&A, financing, origination, wealth and restructuring solutions with emphasis on speed and certainty. PE dry powder ~2.5T (2024); institutional flows drive new-issue demand; HNW>1,000,000, UHNW>30,000,000 (2024). Restructuring demand elevated in 2024, prioritizing recoveries and fast resolution.
| Segment | Needs | 2024 metric |
|---|---|---|
| PE/Sponsors | Sell-side, debt | Dry powder ~2.5T |
| Institutions | Origination, liquidity | HF AUM ~4.2T (2023) |
| HNW/UHNW | Wealth, liquidity | HNW>1M UHNW>30M (2024) |
| Distressed | Restructuring | Elevated activity (2024) |
Cost Structure
Compensation & incentives combine salaries, bonuses and commissions for front- and back-office roles, with success-based payouts tied to advisory fees and investment performance; senior producers receive retention packages and deferred payouts to secure talent; equity grants and profit‑interest arrangements align employee outcomes with shareholder value, reinforcing long-term performance and deal-oriented compensation structures.
Regulatory, legal and compliance costs at B. Riley include licensing, examinations and SEC/FINRA reporting expenses, reflected in legal and professional fees reported in recent filings (2023 legal/professional fees: 61.3 million). External counsel and audit fees drive recurring spend while surveillance systems, KYC/AML processes and transaction monitoring increase technology and staffing outlays. Robust controls reduce penalty risk and potential enforcement costs that have risen across the industry through 2024.
Technology, Data & Infrastructure drives recurring costs: market data terminals like Bloomberg cost about 27,000 USD/seat/year while OMS/EMS deployments commonly run 500,000–2,000,000 USD upfront plus licences; analytics, CRM and client portals add 1,000–3,000 USD/seat/year. Cloud hosting and disaster recovery account for rising OpEx as financial firms allocated roughly 11% of revenue to tech in 2024. Continuous upgrades and cybersecurity—average breach cost ~4.45M USD—sustain edge.
Financing & Funding Costs
Financing and funding costs include revolving credit facilities and repurchase lines used to finance inventory and underwriting pipelines, plus interest expense on corporate and subsidiary debt. The firm incurs hedging costs and allocates risk capital charges for market-moving positions, while maintaining liquidity buffers sized for stress scenarios and regulatory needs. These costs are a material driver of margins and capital deployment decisions.
- Credit and repo lines for inventory and underwriting
- Interest expense on debt and affiliates
- Hedging costs, risk capital charges, liquidity buffers
Occupancy & Operations
Occupancy & Operations covers offices, travel and client events, with physical footprint and travel budgets driving a majority of client-engagement costs in 2024.
Clearing, custody and settlement fees plus vendor management and admin overhead recur as material operating expenses, and training & recruitment programs (2024 industry L&D spend ~1,300 per employee) sustain advisor capacity.
- Offices & travel: client-facing spend
- Clearing/custody: settlement fees
- Vendors/admin: platform & compliance costs
- Training/recruitment: ~1,300 per employee (2024 industry)
Compensation, success‑based payouts and equity align pay with deal outcomes and retention. Regulatory, legal and compliance drive material fees (2023 legal/professional: 61.3M) and ongoing surveillance costs. Tech, data, cloud and cybersecurity (industry tech spend ~11% revenue in 2024; avg breach cost ~4.45M) plus training (~1,300 per employee, 2024) are rising fixed/variable expenses.
| Cost Item | 2023/24 Data |
|---|---|
| Legal/Professional | 61.3M (2023) |
| Tech spend | ~11% revenue (2024) |
| Avg breach cost | 4.45M |
| Training | ~1,300/employee (2024) |
Revenue Streams
M&A engagements combine upfront retainers (typically $10k–$100k monthly), milestone and completion fees often structured as 1–3% of transaction value, plus restructuring and fairness-opinion fees (commonly $50k–$500k). Board advisory and valuation mandates generate recurring retainer and per-assignment fees, while success-linked economics (completion bonuses and equity kickers) drive upside capture for B. Riley and align incentives with clients.
Underwriting and placement fees at B. Riley arise from equity and debt offerings where the firm earns bookrunner and co-manager allocations on managed deals. Revenues include original issue discount, arranger and syndication fees for debt placements and structured financings. The firm can also capture ancillary stabilization income on certain equity placements when acting as stabilizing agent. These streams are core to B. Riley’s investment banking revenue mix.
Management and advisory fees on roughly $40 billion AUM as of 2024 generate steady recurring revenue for B. Riley, with blended fee rates typically in the 0.5–1.5% range. Performance fees on eligible hedge and alternative strategies provide upside during outperformance, materially boosting segment margins in strong years. Wrap and platform fees on advisory portfolios and custodial services add predictable scaled revenue, while financial planning and consulting revenues capture fee-for-service growth from high-net-worth clients.
Trading & Principal Investment Gains
Trading and principal investment gains include realized and unrealized gains from securities and portfolio companies recorded in 2024, alongside market-making and spread income where applicable; dividends and distributions from holdings provided recurring cash yield, and carried interest on select deals added performance-linked upside.
- Realized/unrealized gains (2024)
- Market-making & spread income
- Dividends/distributions
- Carried interest on select deals
Interest & Financing Income
Interest and financing income at B. Riley comprises interest from loans, margin lending, and structured credit, forming a core recurring revenue pillar in 2024.
Underwriting backstop and bridge fees supplement this through deal finance activity, while securities lending and financing spreads generate short-term trading finance profits.
Commitment and unused line fees provide steady fee income tied to credit facilities and liquidity commitments.
- Interest: loans, margin, structured credit
- Fees: underwriting backstop, bridge
- Securities lending & spreads
- Commitment/unused line fees
M&A retainers $10k–$100k/month, success fees typically 1–3% of deal value; board/valuation retainers and equity kickers add upside. AUM ~ $40 billion (2024) drives management fees ~0.5–1.5% with performance fees on alternatives. Trading/principal gains, dividends and carried interest produce variable realized/unrealized income; interest, lending and commitment fees supply steady financing revenue.
| Stream | Key metric (2024) |
|---|---|
| AUM fees | $40B AUM; 0.5–1.5% |
| M&A | $10k–$100k retainers; 1–3% deal fees |
| Financing & trading | Interest, lending spreads, realized/unrealized gains |