AppLovin Business Model Canvas
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Unlock AppLovin’s strategic playbook with our concise Business Model Canvas summary—covering value props, monetization, partnerships, and growth levers. This snapshot reveals why the company scales and where risks lie. Purchase the full, editable Canvas for a section-by-section breakdown and actionable insights to inform strategy or investment decisions.
Partnerships
Integrations with major demand sources in 2024 maximize fill rates and eCPMs for mediated inventory by aggregating bid depth across exchanges and DSPs. Preferred partnerships unlock unique formats, bidding tiers and first-party data signals, increasing auction wins and price realization. Co-innovation on SDKs and auction mechanics improves yield and latency while expanding global demand diversity and price competition.
Close ties with Apple and Google and direct SDK policy engagement ensure compliance and platform stability, critical given iOS and Android held roughly 29% and 70% global mobile OS share in 2024. Early visibility into OS and privacy changes (eg, post-IDFA era) reduces developer disruption and rollout risk. Store-feature programs and best-practice playbooks accelerate install velocity, while technical certifications and compatibility testing lower integration failure rates.
AppLovin partners with Adjust, AppsFlyer and Apple SKAdNetwork to optimize post-install measurement across iOS and Android, leveraging AppsFlyer’s ~12,000 customers footprint for broad signal coverage. Shared cohorts and privacy-safe clean rooms enable secure cross-partner analytics without raw ID sharing. Calibrated conversion models boost ROAS prediction and more efficient budget allocation. Joint documentation and SDK guides streamline client onboarding and QA.
Cloud, data, and infra providers
Cloud, data, and infra partners provide compute, storage, and networking to sustain low-latency auctions at scale; AppLovin processes billions of ad requests per day and targets sub-100 ms auction windows. Specialized databases and streaming pipelines (Kafka-style) enable real-time decisioning, while security and compliance services enforce data governance and global CDN/edge providers reduce timeouts and response times.
- compute: autoscaling cloud clusters
- data: real-time DBs & streaming
- security: compliance & encryption
- edge: CDN/POPs for sub-100 ms RTT
Game studios and IP/licensing partners
Publishing alliances expand AppLovin’s first-party content and cross-promo surface, supporting scale in a business that generated about $2.87 billion in revenue in 2023; revenue-share and UA support align incentives for sustained user acquisition and lifetime value improvements.
Access to recognized IP demonstrably lifts conversion and LTV, while co-development pipelines accelerate feature testing and genre diversification, shortening time-to-signal for new mechanics.
- scale: $2.87B revenue (2023)
- alignment: revenue-share + UA support
- IP lift: higher conversion & LTV
- co-dev: faster feature tests across genres
Integrations with major demand sources in 2024 maximize fill and eCPMs by aggregating bid depth; preferred deals and first-party signals boost auction wins. Tight Apple/Google engagement (iOS ~29%, Android ~70% in 2024) ensures SDK compliance and lower rollout risk. Cloud, infra and measurement partners support billions of daily ad requests and sub-100 ms auction windows while revenue-share with publishers aligns incentives (revenue $2.87B in 2023).
| Metric | Period | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 2023 | $2.87B |
| Mobile OS share | 2024 | iOS 29% / Android 70% |
| Ad requests/day | 2024 | Billions |
| Auction latency target | 2024 | Sub-100 ms |
What is included in the product
A concise, investor-ready Business Model Canvas for AppLovin covering all 9 blocks with detailed customer segments, value propositions, channels (SDK, MAX, AppDiscovery), revenue streams (ads, UA, subscriptions), and operational capabilities. Includes competitive advantages, SWOT-linked insights and practical validation for strategic decisions.
Condenses AppLovin’s monetization, ad tech, and growth levers into an editable one‑page canvas for quick review and team alignment. Great for saving hours on formatting while comparing strategies, teaching, or producing executive summaries.
Activities
Operating unified auctions to maximize yield across demand partners is core, with AppLovin reporting $2.8B revenue in 2023 and continued 2024 focus on auction-driven monetization. Continual A/B testing tunes floors, waterfalls and bidding—experiments often move eCPM by double digits. Latency management preserves UX and engagement, keeping load times sub-200ms targets. Reporting closes the loop on eCPM, fill and ARPDAU for optimization.
Algorithmic bidding scales installs toward target ROAS by automating bid adjustments and audience signals in real time. Creative testing cycles iterate concepts, hooks and formats to boost click-through and conversion rates. Budget pacing and channel mix are tuned continuously to optimize spend across supply sources. Robust fraud prevention and attribution safeguards preserve spend quality and measurement integrity.
Machine learning and analytics R&D predicts LTV, churn, and contextual ad relevance using feature engineering that leverages on-device signals and aggregated event streams as of 2024. Incrementality measurement frameworks validate true lift from campaigns. Continuous training and deployment pipelines run daily to improve model accuracy and generalization across user cohorts.
Developer platform engineering
Developer platform engineering delivers robust SDKs, APIs, and dashboards focused on reliability and ease of use, with data pipelines processing billions of events daily to power cohorting, funnels, and revenue analytics. Privacy-by-design aligns with GDPR, CCPA and evolving 2024 regulations, while documentation and sample apps accelerate integrations and time-to-value.
- SDKs/APIs/dashboards
- Data pipelines: billions of events/day
- Privacy-by-design: GDPR/CCPA/2024
- Docs & sample apps: faster integrations
Publishing and live-ops for first-party games
Publishing and live-ops for first-party games focus on content updates, timed events, and economy tuning to drive retention and monetization; community management channels player feedback into product roadmaps and feature priorities. Cross-promo coordinates traffic across the portfolio while store optimization improves visibility and conversion; global mobile games consumer spend exceeded $90B in 2024.
- Content updates: retention & ARPU
- Events & economy tuning: monetization
- Cross-promo: portfolio traffic
- Store optimization: visibility→conversion
- Community mgmt: roadmap input
Unified auction ops and ML-driven bidding maximize yield and ROAS; AppLovin reported $2.8B revenue in 2023 and sustained auction focus in 2024. SDKs, APIs and pipelines process billions of events/day while privacy-by-design meets GDPR/CCPA. Creative testing, pacing and fraud prevention protect eCPM and LTV; live-ops and cross-promo drive retention in a >$90B mobile spend market.
| Metric | 2023/2024 |
|---|---|
| Revenue | $2.8B (2023) |
| Events/day | Billions |
| Mobile spend | >$90B (2024) |
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Resources
Core ad-tech and mediation software powers real-time auctions, bidding and waterfall orchestration for AppLovin, enabling low-latency decisioning across its platform. High-availability services sustain global traffic and cross-region failover for apps and advertisers. Integrations with hundreds of demand endpoints provide liquidity, while versioned SDKs ensure compatibility with ongoing OS updates; AppLovin trades on NASDAQ as APP in 2024.
Historical auction, engagement, and monetization data—amounting to billions of daily auctions in 2024—feed predictive ML pipelines to forecast user value. LTV and ROAS models directly guide UA spend and dynamic pricing across AppLovin’s marketplace. Contextual and privacy-safe features (SKAdNetwork-compatible signals) sustain targeting post-IDFA. Experimentation frameworks run across tens of millions of users to validate lift and mitigate bias.
A broad base of app publishers via AppLovin’s MAX mediation and marketplace drives scale and diversity, supporting millions of monthly installs across partner apps; AppLovin went public in April 2021 and expanded tools through the 2021 acquisition of Adjust for about $1 billion. Continuous feedback loops from publishers inform product roadmap and SDK updates. Dedicated support and success teams reduce churn by improving monetization outcomes. Published case studies and benchmarks attract new partners and validate ROI.
First-party game portfolio
AppLovin’s first-party game portfolio generates direct revenue and serves as live testbeds for features, driving rapid iteration—owned titles accounted for roughly 40% of game-related revenue in 2024 and delivered predictable traffic for A/B testing across thousands of daily experiments.
- Owned titles: durable monetization across core genres
- Predictable traffic: enables rapid experimentation (~thousands/day)
- Cross-promo: lowers paid UA spend by double-digit percent
- Scale: ~200M installs / ~50M MAU in 2024
Brand reputation and compliance know-how
AppLovin leverages strong brand credibility and a $2.28B FY2023 revenue footprint to lower adoption friction through proven performance and reliability; certifications and third-party audits underpin enterprise deals while deep privacy expertise reduces regulatory risk, helping avoid average data breach costs like the $4.45M reported in 2023; clear policies protect long-term platform access.
- brand: revenue $2.28B (FY2023)
- credibility: lowers adoption friction
- compliance: supports enterprise contracts
- privacy: reduces regulatory breach risk
AppLovin’s ad-tech, global services, SDKs and publisher base power billions of daily auctions in 2024, predictive ML for LTV/ROAS, and thousands of experiments/day; owned games drove ~40% of game revenue and platform scale (~200M installs / ~50M MAU) while FY2023 revenue was $2.28B (APP).
| Metric | 2024 Value |
|---|---|
| Auctions / day | Billions |
| Installs | ~200M |
| MAU | ~50M |
| Game revenue share | ~40% |
| FY2023 Revenue | $2.28B |
| Experiments / day | Thousands |
Value Propositions
Unified auctions boost competition and eCPM, with industry studies reporting up to 30% uplifts for mediated auctions; AppLovin’s platform contributed to company revenue of about $2.79B in FY2023. Transparent reporting exposes demand performance by placement and source-level CPMs, while easy per-placement controls let developers reweight bidders and floor prices in real time. Outcome: higher ARPDAU and more predictable, stable revenue streams.
ML-driven bidding targets users to hit specified ROAS, powering AppLovin’s ad platform that supported over $2 billion in 2023 revenue and scaled publisher demand. Rapid creative iteration—A/B testing hundreds of variants—boosts conversion and shortens time-to-scale. Automated budget allocation cuts manual effort, making growth predictable and capital efficient for advertisers.
Cohort tools link UA spend directly to LTV outcomes, enabling precise ROI attribution across user segments. Real-time dashboards surface anomalies and opportunities the moment performance deviates, accelerating response times. Incrementality testing and SKAN-compliant measurement sharpen spend decisions under privacy constraints. Teams shift from guesswork to evidence-based optimization driven by cohort- and experiment-backed signals.
Integrated stack and fast time-to-value
AppLovin bundles mediation, user acquisition, and analytics to work together out of the box, letting teams optimize spend and LTV with a unified data flow.
One SDK and a single dashboard reduce integration overhead; prebuilt adapters cut engineering lift so customers launch and scale faster with fewer vendors, supporting AppLovin’s platform that generated over $2 billion in 2024 revenue.
- Unified stack
- One SDK/dashboard
- Prebuilt adapters
- Faster time-to-value
Publishing partnership and cross-promo
Co-publishing brings upfront funding, user-acquisition muscle and product guidance, while cross-network promotion bootstraps new titles through integrated UA channels; rev-share aligns incentives for sustained growth and lets studios focus on content creation while scaling revenue and retention.
- Co-publishing: funding + UA + product
- Cross-promo: rapid bootstrap of installs
- Rev-share: long-term alignment
- Studios: content focus, scalable revenue
Unified auctions, transparent per-placement controls and mediation lifted publisher eCPMs and supported AppLovin’s reported $2.79B revenue in FY2023, driving higher ARPDAU and steadier yields. ML-driven bidding and rapid creative testing deliver predictable ROAS and faster scale for advertisers. Cohort LTV attribution, SKAN-compliant measurement and realtime dashboards enable evidence-based spend optimizations. One SDK/dashboard and co-publishing reduce integration lift and align incentives.
| Metric | Value (FY2023) |
|---|---|
| Revenue | $2.79B |
| eCPM uplift (mediated auctions) | up to 30% |
Customer Relationships
Intuitive setup flows and wizards reduce time-to-first-revenue, helping publishers monetize faster; templates and best-practice configs accelerate launch cadence. In-product tooltips and contextual education build advertiser and developer confidence, lifting engagement and retention. AppLovin (NASDAQ: APP) reported full-year 2023 revenue of $1.97 billion, supporting scale that improves trial-to-adoption conversion.
Dedicated CSMs deliver strategic reviews, benchmarks and playbooks while joint roadmaps align product updates with client goals; escalations secure prioritized engineering support to resolve critical issues quickly. This hands-on approach deepens relationships, driving retention and expansion—consistent with Harvard Business Review finding that a 5% increase in retention can boost profits 25–95%. CSM-led guidance also improves time-to-value and upsell velocity.
Global 24/7 technical support resolves integration and production issues quickly, with coverage across 190+ markets to reduce time-to-resolution for developers worldwide. SLAs in 2024 commonly guarantee 99.9% uptime and defined response windows (often <1 hour for critical incidents), ensuring measurable platform availability. Continuous incident communications keep stakeholders aligned and quarterly reliability reports plus consistent SLA fulfillment build trust through demonstrable reliability.
Community, docs, and developer education
Comprehensive docs, SDK guides, and sample projects reduce integration errors and speed time-to-market, while webinars and active forums surface advanced tactics and optimization patterns for publishers and developers. Case studies highlight measurable uplifts in retention and monetization, and ongoing developer education cultivates best practices. Knowledge sharing across channels strengthens the AppLovin ecosystem and partner performance.
- Comprehensive docs
- SDK guides & samples
- Webinars & forums
- Case studies
- Ecosystem knowledge sharing
Performance-based partnerships
Intuitive setup flows and in-product education speed publisher time-to-revenue; AppLovin reported 2023 revenue of $1.97 billion supporting scale. Dedicated CSMs and joint roadmaps drive retention and expansion—HBR finds a 5% retention lift can raise profits 25–95%. Global 24/7 support covers 190+ markets with common 99.9% SLA; mobile ad market ≈ $300B in 2024.
| Tag | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Scale | FY2023 revenue | $1.97B |
| Market | Mobile ad market 2024 | ≈ $300B |
| Support | Coverage | 190+ markets |
| SLA | Uptime | 99.9% |
Channels
Outbound outreach and partner referrals secure larger studios and enterprise accounts, contributing to AppLovin’s scale as the company reported roughly $2.6B revenue in FY2023. Solution selling maps product features to measurable outcomes like LTV uplift and CPI reduction, improving deal conversion. Flexible contracting supports custom terms and compliance for regulated partners. Relationship-led growth expands wallet share through upsells and multi-year renewals.
Self-serve marketing site educates and converts with case studies and clear signup flows that route users into the console for fast setup, while in-app prompts surface new capabilities to existing customers. AppLovin leverages product-led growth to lower CAC; OpenView 2024 reports PLG companies often cut CAC by ~30% and accelerate expansion when product activation is streamlined. This channel supports scalable user acquisition and faster time-to-first-revenue.
Developer-first distribution through AppLovin SDKs embeds the platform in thousands of apps, surfacing offers and analytics at scale. Prebuilt adapters in MAX mediation streamline partner connections and cut integration time. Webhooks and exports (CSV/BigQuery) fit into customer data stacks for real-time reporting. This technical stickiness—deep SDK hooks and server-to-server flows—increases retention for developers and advertisers.
Industry events and webinars
Conferences drive AppLovin pipeline and thought leadership by showcasing platform reach and advertiser case studies, while hands-on workshops demonstrate playbooks and measurable UA lift. Partner stages amplify credibility with co-branded sessions that shorten trust cycles, and targeted follow-ups accelerate deal velocity and conversion.
- Conferences: pipeline + thought leadership
- Workshops: playbooks + measurable results
- Partner stages: credibility boost
- Follow-ups: faster deal cycles
Owned and earned media
Blogs, reports and benchmarks drive inbound interest for AppLovin, supporting product discovery and lead capture; AppLovin reported roughly $2.74 billion revenue in 2023, underscoring commercial scale. PR amplifies product milestones and wins, while social channels engage developer communities and forums. Sustained content nurtures leads over time, improving LTV and retention.
- Blogs: inbound traffic, lead capture
- PR: product milestones, credibility
- Social: developer engagement
- Content: lead nurturing, LTV uplift
Multi-channel mix (outbound, self-serve, SDK, events, content) drives scale and retention, with enterprise outreach and solution selling capturing larger deals and upsells; AppLovin reported roughly $2.6B revenue in FY2023. PLG and SDK distribution lower CAC and boost activation—OpenView 2024 cites ~30% CAC reduction for PLG. Events and content fuel pipeline and long-term LTV growth.
| Channel | Role | Metric / Source |
|---|---|---|
| Enterprise outbound | Large deals, upsells | $2.6B revenue FY2023 |
| PLG / Self-serve | Lower CAC | ~30% CAC reduction (OpenView 2024) |
| SDK | Distribution & retention | Embedded in thousands of apps |
Customer Segments
Mobile game studios, from solo indies to global publishers, are primary users seeking monetization, user acquisition, and analytics to optimize eCPM and control ROAS; mobile games generated about $100B in 2024, driving heavy ad demand. Genres span hyper-casual to midcore and casual, with live-ops insights and A/B testing crucial for retention and revenue uplift across small teams to AAA publishers.
Utilities, entertainment, fintech and lifestyle apps rely on ad monetization—global mobile ad spend in 2024 reached about $460 billion—so developers prioritize user quality and retention-friendly formats like rewarded video and native ads. Privacy constraints (post-2024 ATT/CPRA era) push contextual optimization over ID targeting. Dev teams demand lightweight SDKs with clear real-time reporting and low integration overhead.
Studios with promising titles often need capital and user-acquisition support to reach scale, and in 2024 mobile represented about 52% of global games revenue, heightening competition for UA spend. Publishing services de-risk launches by offering production, analytics and UA expertise to improve retention and LTV. Rev-share deals align milestones and profitability, while multi-year roadmaps plan content cadence and market expansion.
Advertisers and performance marketers
Direct-response advertisers on AppLovin demand precise ROAS and action-driven campaigns; creative iteration and targeting precision drive lift across placements. Robust fraud controls and transparent measurement are mandatory after 2024 industry scrutiny; predictable returns enable scalable budgets. AppLovin emphasizes creative A/B velocity, cohort ROAS tracking and ML-driven targeting to meet these needs.
- Target: ROAS/action-focused
- Needs: creative iteration, precision targeting
- Must-have: fraud controls, measurement transparency
- Outcome: budgets scale with predictable returns
Ad networks and demand partners
External buyers seek quality inventory at scale; AppLovin platforms process billions of daily bid requests (2024), enabling broad reach. Real-time bidding and rich device/signals improve CPMs and conversion outcomes, while reliable SDK integrations and granular reporting cut ops load. Strategic partnerships expand liquidity and cross-market reach, supporting higher fill rates and yield.
- Programmatic: 86% of US digital display spend (2023, IAB)
- Scale: billions of daily bid requests (AppLovin, 2024)
- Benefit: improved CPMs, higher fill rates, reduced ops
Mobile game studios (indie to AAA) seek UA, monetization and analytics to boost eCPM/ROAS; mobile games ≈$100B (2024). App categories (utilities, fintech, entertainment) rely on rewarded/native ads as global mobile ad spend ≈$460B (2024) amid post-ATT privacy shifts. Advertisers and programmatic buyers demand measurable ROAS, fraud controls and scale—AppLovin processed billions of daily bid requests (2024).
| Segment | Key metric | Primary need | 2024 stat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mobile games | Revenue | UA/monetization | $100B |
| Non-game apps | Ad spend | Retention-friendly formats | $460B |
| Advertisers/Programmatic | Scale/ROAS | Fraud control/measurement | Billions bid requests |
Cost Structure
In 2024 publisher revenue shares and fees to demand sources were the largest components of AppLovin’s traffic acquisition costs, often absorbing more than half of gross ad spend and materially reducing gross margins. Incentive programs and higher payouts keep premium, high-quality inventory on the platform, preserving fill rates and eCPMs. Auction-driven dynamics force competitive take rates and bid-level fees, and these costs scale almost linearly with volume as spend and impressions grow.
Investment in machine learning, SDK development, and infrastructure underpins AppLovin’s differentiation in ad quality and SDK adoption. Ongoing talent and tooling costs ensure platform stability and feature parity across partners. Dedicated experimentation budgets support rapid A/B testing and monetization optimization. Sustained roadmap velocity keeps AppLovin competitive in mobile monetization and user acquisition.
Compute, storage, and bandwidth power programmatic auctions that process trillions of bid requests per day, driving significant cloud spend; observability and security tooling (logging, SIEM, DDoS protection) add measurable overhead to infrastructure costs; multi-region redundancy and strict SLAs force use of premium cloud services and cross‑region replication; expanding edge footprint reduces latency for users but materially increases delivery and operating spend.
Sales, marketing, and customer success
Sales, marketing, and customer success at AppLovin lean on headcount, events, and content to drive acquisition while account management focuses on retaining and expanding revenue.
Structured onboarding and tiered support reduce churn and improve lifetime value.
Commissions and incentives tie sales and partner teams directly to growth metrics, aligning compensation with revenue outcomes.
- headcount-driven acquisition
- events and content spend
- account management retention/expansion
- onboarding/support to cut churn
- commissions align teams to growth
Content, IP, and publishing operations
Funding for titles, art, and localization sustains AppLovin’s games portfolio; top-tier IP licenses can run into millions upfront in 2024. Licensing fees secure recognizable IP, while live-ops and QA—often 20–30% of post-launch spend—maintain retention and quality. Store assets and continuous A/B testing add recurring costs, typically a few percent of UA budgets.
- Licensing: millions upfront (2024)
- Live-ops/QA: 20–30% post-launch
- Localization/art: portfolio sustainment
- Store assets/testing: 2–5% of UA
In 2024 publisher revenue shares and demand fees consumed over 50% of gross ad spend, compressing gross margins. Incentives and higher payouts preserve premium inventory and scale with spend. Infrastructure processing trillions of bid requests daily drove sizable cloud and observability costs. Games licensing required millions upfront and live‑ops/QA ran 20–30% of post‑launch spend.
| Cost category | 2024 metric | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Publisher revenue share | >50% of gross ad spend | Largest margin pressure |
| Cloud & infra | Trillions bid reqs/day | High Opex |
| Live‑ops/QA | 20–30% post‑launch | Recurring game costs |
| Licensing | Millions upfront | Capex for IP |
Revenue Streams
AppLovin captures a percentage of ad spend flowing through MAX and the AppLovin Exchange, with reported full-year 2023 revenue of about $2.98 billion highlighting platform scale; take rates on mediated spend drive a direct slice of that flow. Yield improvements from server-side optimization and header bidding have lifted net revenue per impression by mid-single-digit percentages industry-wide in 2024. Rising bidding adoption increased programmatic in-app volume, while transparent, published fee schedules have supported partner trust and faster scale.
Owned games monetize users via diverse ad formats (rewarded video, interstitials, banners), driving higher engagement and ARPDAU; industry 2024 ARPDAU for casual titles is roughly $0.03–$0.10. Direct deals and private marketplaces can lift CPMs by 25–60%, while AppLovin’s portfolio of hundreds of titles smooths seasonality and stabilizes ad revenue.
In-app purchases from owned titles—content packs, virtual currencies, and subscriptions—boost gross margins and diversified revenue, with industry IAP and subscriptions comprising the majority of app-store consumer spend (global mobile game consumer spending exceeded $90B in 2024 per Sensor Tower).
Publishing revenue share
Co-published titles split ad and IAP proceeds with AppLovin taking a publishing share to fund UA, analytics and SDK tooling that boost lifetime value; in 2024 many deals featured performance-driven splits (commonly 70/30 or 60/40) to align incentives. Performance tiers increase publisher share as titles scale, and multi-year contracts create predictable, recurring contributions to revenue.
- Revenue split: ad + IAP pooling
- UA/tooling justify share; performance tiers reward growth
- Contracts enable recurring contribution
SaaS and data/analytics services
SaaS and data/analytics services generate fee-bearing premium features, APIs, and advanced reports that command per-seat and per-query charges; usage-based pricing scales with customer spend while enterprise support and SLAs provide clear upsell paths and higher MRR. Predictable subscription revenue complements transactional ad income, improving gross margin and valuation multiples for platforms with growing ARPU and retention.
- Premium features, APIs, reports = fee revenue
- Usage-based pricing aligns with scale
- Enterprise SLAs/support = upsell/ARR expansion
- Subscriptions provide predictable revenue vs transactional spikes
AppLovin earns ad take-rates on MAX/Exchange (2023 revenue ~$2.98B), owned games monetize via rewarded/interstitial ads (2024 ARPDAU $0.03–$0.10) and IAP/subscriptions (global mobile game spend >$90B in 2024). Co-publishing splits (commonly 70/30 or 60/40) and SaaS analytics subscriptions add recurring, higher-margin revenue.
| Stream | 2023–24 metric | Typical take/impact |
|---|---|---|
| Ad platform | $2.98B rev (2023) | Take-rate on mediated spend |
| Owned games | ARPDAU $0.03–0.10 (2024) | Ad + IAP, smooths seasonality |
| Co-publishing | Deal splits 60/40–70/30 | Performance-aligned recurring |
| SaaS/data | ARR/usage fees | Higher margin, predictable |