{"product_id":"volkswagenag-five-forces-analysis","title":"Volkswagen Porter's Five Forces Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDon't Miss the Bigger Picture\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVolkswagen faces intense rivalry from global OEMs, rising supplier power for EV components, and evolving buyer preferences that boost price sensitivity and brand switching. Regulatory and technological shifts raise threat of substitutes and raise entry barriers. This snapshot highlights key pressures—unlock the full Porter's Five Forces Analysis for force ratings, visuals, and strategic implications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003euppliers Bargaining Power\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConcentrated critical components\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSemiconductor chips (TSMC+Samsung ~70% of advanced foundry capacity) and battery cells (CATL ~34% global EV cell share) concentrate supplier power, while sensor and Lidar supply is similarly narrow; 2021–22 shortages already forced VW production halts. VW uses dual-sourcing and strategic inventories but cannot fully eliminate chokepoints, relying on long-term partnerships and volume commitments to partly offset supplier leverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBattery supply and materials\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBattery cell suppliers and upstream miners of lithium, nickel and cobalt exert strong leverage due to tight capacity and commodity volatility, keeping input risks elevated for OEMs. VW has targeted c.240 GWh of in-house cell capacity by 2030 through PowerCo and joint ventures to reduce dependency, but ramp timelines keep suppliers powerful near term. ESG and traceability rules (increasing auditing since 2024) narrow sourcing options. Index-linked contracts mitigate price swings but cannot remove exposure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSoftware and platform dependencies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfotainment, ADAS stacks and middleware rely on specialized vendors and chip ISAs, creating supplier lock-in; delays or defects from partners have delayed VW model launches and raised warranty exposure. VW has built internal software capabilities via Cariad, employing about 13,000 engineers by 2024 to regain control, yet talent scarcity keeps supplier leverage high. Over-the-air update ecosystems tie OEMs to key cloud and toolchain providers such as AWS, Azure and Google Cloud.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTooling and Tier-1 integration\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTier-1s co-develop modules (powertrain, HVAC, seats) that embed into platforms, raising switching costs as purchased content represents about 60% of vehicle value; VW reported roughly €150bn purchasing spend in 2023 and MEB has powered over 1.2m vehicles by 2023. Proprietary tooling and long validation cycles give suppliers leverage during mid-cycle refreshes, but SSP\/MEB standardization and VW scale open competitive bidding while performance contracts and localization reduce dependency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCo-development raises switching costs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProprietary tooling = refresh leverage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMEB\/SSP standardize interfaces, boost competition\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerformance contracts + localization cut supplier power\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLogistics and geopolitical exposure\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLogistics and geopolitical exposure concentrate supplier power where shipping, port capacity and regional disruptions constrain inbound parts and outbound vehicles; Port of Shanghai remains the world’s busiest container port, making outages highly disruptive to VW’s China supply chains. Trade policies and tariffs periodically shift sourcing economics toward suppliers and regional vendors. VW’s Europe-China-North America manufacturing footprint gives flexibility but raises coordination complexity; nearshoring and strategic buffers mitigate but acute events still spike supplier leverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShipping chokepoints empower carriers at bottlenecks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTariffs alter cost structures in suppliers’ favor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulti-region footprint = flexibility + complexity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuffers\/nearshoring reduce but do not eliminate spikes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHigh concentration in chips, cells and logistics raises supplier power and near-term risk\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupplier power is high where capacity concentrates: advanced foundries (TSMC+Samsung ~70%), CATL (~34% EV cell share) and sensors caused 2021–22 stoppages. VW spent ~€150bn on purchases (2023) and fields ~13,000 Cariad engineers (2024) while building PowerCo for c.240 GWh by 2030 to reduce reliance. Logistics chokepoints (Port of Shanghai) and commodity volatility keep near-term leverage elevated.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSupplier area\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConcentration\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eVW response\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eKey metric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eChips\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTSMC+Samsung ~70%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003edual-sourcing, inventories\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2021–22 production halts\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBattery cells\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCATL ~34%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePowerCo, JVs\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTarget 240 GWh by 2030\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTier-1 modules\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSSP\/MEB standardization\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€150bn spend (2023)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUncovers key drivers of competition, customer influence, supplier and buyer power, substitutes, and entry barriers specific to Volkswagen; identifies disruptive forces—EVs, software-defined vehicles, and regulation—and assesses their impact on pricing, margins, and strategic positioning.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcise Porter's Five Forces for Volkswagen—instant clarity on competitive pressure to speed boardroom and investor decisions. Swap in live data or scenario tabs (EV shift, regulation) to see changing threats and opportunities at a glance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eustomers Bargaining Power\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePrice-sensitive mass market\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge, price-sensitive segments compare total cost of ownership, boosting buyer leverage; in 2024 over 70% of car buyers used online comparison tools, increasing cross-brand switching. Transparent online pricing and incentives make discounts visible, forcing VW to protect residual values and brand positioning. Strong financing and leasing programs (2024 OEM lease penetration rose toward ~30% in key markets) help mitigate outright price pressure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFleet and corporate buyers\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFleet and corporate buyers — about 35% of EU new registrations in 2024 — wield concentrated leverage, securing volume discounts commonly in the 10–25% range and strict service terms. Tender processes now pit OEMs on lifecycle cost and uptime guarantees; telematics and uptime SLAs (reducing downtime by double digits) are decisive. VW’s broad segment coverage and ~10,000 strong after-sales footprint aid wins but compress margins under competitive tenders.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDigital research and purchasing channels\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital configurators, marketplaces and review ecosystems give customers far more information, reducing information asymmetry and driving higher demands for customization, faster delivery and transparent financing. VW’s omnichannel approach and agency sales model, deployed across multiple European markets as of 2024, aim to preserve margin control and direct customer relationships. However, easy cross‑shopping across platforms amplifies buyer leverage and price sensitivity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEV incentives and charging expectations\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEV buyers weigh public incentives, charging access and software experience as heavily as vehicle specs; US buyers can access up to $7,500 federal tax credit, and VW funds Electrify America with a $2 billion settlement to expand charging. Gaps in networks or poor UX give customers leverage to demand better value or switch. VW’s charging partnerships and OTA rollouts narrow that gap, while regional subsidy variability raises price sensitivity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etags: incentives $7,500; Electrify America $2B\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etags: charging access = switching leverage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etags: OTA \u0026amp; partnerships = retention tool\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etags: regional subsidy variability = price sensitivity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAfter-sales and warranty considerations\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter-sales warranty heavily shapes buyer bargaining: Volkswagen provides a 4-year\/50,000-mile limited warranty in the US and adheres to the EU statutory 2-year warranty, while maintenance costs and service availability directly affect purchase and retention decisions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWarranty terms: 4y\/50k mi (US), 2y statutory (EU)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaintenance: buyers weigh service cost and availability when switching\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegotiation: extended coverage or third-party plans reduce upfront price sensitivity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eService network + transparent parts pricing limit churn\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOnline shoppers \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;70%\u003c\/strong\u003e raise price pressure; fleet discounts squeeze margins\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCustomers hold strong leverage: \u0026gt;70% used online comparison tools in 2024 and cross-shopping raises price sensitivity; OEM lease penetration ~30% in key markets reduces outright price pressure. Fleet buyers (~35% EU new registrations 2024) secure 10–25% volume discounts, compressing margins. EV buyers factor $7,500 US tax credit, charging access and software; VW’s $2B Electrify America investment and 4y\/50kmi US warranty partly mitigate churn.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e2024 Value\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOnline comparison usage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt;70%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLease penetration (key markets)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~30%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFleet share (EU)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~35%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUS EV federal credit\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$7,500\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eElectrify America funding\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$2B\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWarranty\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUS 4y\/50k mi; EU 2y statutory\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003eWhat You See Is What You Get\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eVolkswagen Porter's Five Forces Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis preview is the exact Volkswagen Porter’s Five Forces analysis you’ll receive upon purchase—no mockups, no samples. It’s the final, professionally formatted document, ready for immediate download and use. What you see here is precisely what will be delivered to you.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"PortersFiveForce","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56163121594745,"sku":"volkswagenag-five-forces-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0914\/5276\/8633\/files\/volkswagenag-five-forces-analysis.png?v=1762714953","url":"https:\/\/portersfiveforce.com\/products\/volkswagenag-five-forces-analysis","provider":"Porter's Five Forces","version":"1.0","type":"link"}