{"product_id":"chinagasholdings-pestle-analysis","title":"China Gas Holdings PESTLE Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eYour Shortcut to Market Insight Starts Here\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur concise PESTLE highlights political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental forces shaping China Gas Holdings, revealing regulatory risks and growth opportunities. Ideal for investors and strategists, this briefing speeds decision-making. Buy the full, downloadable PESTLE for detailed, actionable insights.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eolitical factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eState clean-energy push\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChina’s coal-to-gas and clean-heating mandates, aligned with the 14th Five-Year Plan and the national goals to peak CO2 before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, underpin continued city-gas connection demand.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCentral prioritization of air quality and energy security (non-fossil share target 20% by 2025) sustains long-term pipeline buildout and volume growth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolicy continuity supports expansion but may force social-tariff obligations; execution hinges on provincial funding and winter-heating priorities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMunicipal concessions\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCity-level exclusive concessions (China Gas, HKEX: 384) — over 100 city-level projects — determine market access, pricing bands and service standards, shaping revenue catchment. Renewal clauses and KPI-linked targets drive capex and O\u0026amp;M commitments and can affect cash flow timelines. Strong local-government ties speed household connections and receivables recovery. Policy shifts could open competition or tighten regulatory oversight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnergy security geopolitics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChina Gas relies on a mix of pipeline gas and LNG, leaving it exposed to geopolitics across Russia, Central Asia and maritime LNG routes; Beijing targets raising gas to about 15% of primary energy by 2030. National reserve policies and long‑term import contracts (backbones of city networks) reduce volatility. Supply shocks prompt administrative allocations and price interventions. Diversification mandates push new terminal and storage investments to bolster security.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSubsidies and fiscal support\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTargeted subsidies for low-income households and winter heating expand urban gas volumes and usage intensity, boosting China Gas Holdings’ network utilization; however, local fiscal stress can delay subsidy reimbursements, straining working capital. Government-backed financing through policy banks reduces financing costs for pipeline rollout, shortening project payback, while changes in subsidy design or targeting can lengthen payback periods and alter ROI.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSubsidies raise volumes but can delay cash receipts\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLocal fiscal stress risks reimbursement timing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolicy-bank financing lowers cost of capital\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSubsidy redesigns change payback horizons\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDecarbonization roadmaps\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChina's carbon peak by 2030 and neutrality by 2060 position gas as a short-to-medium‑term transition fuel while its long‑run share is expected to decline; natural gas demand was about 360 bcm in 2023. Policymakers are increasing methane controls and may require abatement and efficiency upgrades for transmission and distribution assets. Hydrogen co‑firing pilots (reports of up to 20% blending in pilots) are politically encouraged. Strategic alignment with national roadmaps speeds project approvals and improves investor signaling.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTargets: peak 2030, neutrality 2060\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDemand: ~360 bcm (2023)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMethane\/efficiency mandates likely\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH2 pilots: up to ~20% blending\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlignment reduces regulatory and financing risk\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFive-Year Plan boosts city gas: \u003cstrong\u003e~360 bcm\u003c\/strong\u003e, gas \u003cstrong\u003e~15%\u003c\/strong\u003e by 2030\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive‑Year Plan and carbon targets (peak by 2030, neutrality by 2060) underpin steady city‑gas expansion and policy continuity. National goals (non‑fossil 20% by 2025; gas ~15% of primary energy by 2030) and subsidies drive volumes but can delay reimbursements. City concessions (\u0026gt;100) and policy‑bank financing lower capex costs; supply\/import contracts and storage buildout mitigate geopolitics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2023 gas demand\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~360 bcm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGas share target\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~15% by 2030\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNon‑fossil target\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20% by 2025\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCity projects (China Gas)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt;100\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplores how Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal forces uniquely impact China Gas Holdings, with data-driven trends, specific sub-points and forward-looking insights to support executives, investors and strategists in scenario planning, risk mitigation and opportunity identification, ready for decks and reports.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA compact, visually segmented PESTLE summary of China Gas Holdings that’s editable for regional notes, PPT-ready and Excel\/tablet-compatible—ideal for quick team alignment, risk discussions and consultant reports in plain language.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003economic factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndustrial demand cyclicality\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndustrial gas volumes track manufacturing PMI, with PMI below 50 signaling contraction that compresses throughput and slows new connections; chemicals, ceramics and power peaking drive notable spikes. Slowdowns cut midstream utilization, while recovery and export cycles restore capacity utilization. A diversified city portfolio smooths regional volatility.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTariff and pass-through\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCity-gate price reforms directly affect retail margins and pass-through speed, with slower adjustment windows historically creating lagged pass-through that exposes distributors to basis risk during volatile spot swings; China Gas reported ROA around 3.5% in FY2024, highlighting sensitivity. A transparent, formulaic pass-through mechanism helps stabilize cash flows and credit metrics by reducing margin compression. Active negotiation with regulators remains essential to secure reasonable ROA and predictable returns.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCommodity and FX exposure\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChina Gas faces LNG-linked prices and USD-denominated cargos—China imported roughly 80 million tonnes of LNG in 2024 and the RMB averaged about 7.2 per USD—adding FX and price risk to margins. Hedging programs and diversified sourcing (pipeline, spot, long‑term) have reduced volatility exposure. Sudden spot spikes historically cut C\u0026amp;I consumption and push up receivables. Contract floors\/ceilings and tariff bands help protect end-user affordability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCapex and financing costs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNetwork expansion, storage and digital upgrades require sustained capex; China’s onshore bond market exceeded RMB 140 trillion by end-2023, shaping access to long-term funding while 10-year China government bond yields hovered around 2.8% in mid-2024, influencing WACC. Phased capex linked to connection growth preserves leverage headroom; asset recycling and green finance (growing in China’s bond market) can optimize funding costs and tenor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCapex: phased to match connections\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFinancing: onshore bonds \u0026gt;RMB 140tn\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYield signal: 10y CGB ~2.8%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFunding tools: asset recycling, green bonds\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUrbanization and stimulus\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban redevelopment and RMB-trillion infrastructure stimulus have accelerated trunk and city-gas pipeline projects, supporting China Gas Holdings’ network expansion; China urbanization reached 66.8% in 2023 (NBS) and continued moving toward lower-tier cities, where connection density and industrial park policies create anchor loads. Slower property markets can delay residential hookups but regional rebalancing shifts demand to lower-tier cities and industrial parks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrbanization 66.8% (2023, NBS)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInfrastructure special bonds supporting pipeline build-out\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndustrial parks = stable anchor gas demand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProperty slowdown risks residential hookup timing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFive-Year Plan boosts city gas: \u003cstrong\u003e~360 bcm\u003c\/strong\u003e, gas \u003cstrong\u003e~15%\u003c\/strong\u003e by 2030\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndustrial demand tracks manufacturing PMI swings, with throughput and new connections falling when PMI \u0026lt;50 and recovering with export cycles; China Gas’ FY2024 ROA ~3.5% shows margin sensitivity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCity-gate reform speed and LNG\/USD exposure (China LNG ~80mt in 2024; RMB ~7.2\/USD) create pass-through and FX risks mitigated by hedging and diversified sourcing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge capex needs link to onshore funding (onshore bond market \u0026gt;RMB140tn; 10y CGB ~2.8%) while urbanization (66.8% in 2023) and infrastructure bonds support network growth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eROA (FY2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~3.5%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLNG imports (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~80 mt\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRMB\/USD (avg)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~7.2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOnshore bond market\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt;RMB 140tn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10y CGB (mid‑2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2.8%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUrbanization (2023)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e66.8%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003eWhat You See Is What You Get\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChina Gas Holdings PESTLE Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe China Gas Holdings PESTLE Analysis preview shown here is the exact document you’ll receive after purchase—fully formatted and ready to use. It contains the final, professionally structured assessment of political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. No placeholders or teasers; what you see is what you’ll download immediately after checkout.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"PortersFiveForce","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56162483143033,"sku":"chinagasholdings-pestle-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0914\/5276\/8633\/files\/chinagasholdings-pestle-analysis.png?v=1762701524","url":"https:\/\/portersfiveforce.com\/products\/chinagasholdings-pestle-analysis","provider":"Porter's Five Forces","version":"1.0","type":"link"}