{"product_id":"bandwidth-pestle-analysis","title":"Bandwidth PESTLE Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eYour Competitive Advantage Starts with This Report\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnlock strategic clarity with our PESTLE Analysis of Bandwidth—three to five sentence overview identifying political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental forces shaping its future. Ideal for investors, consultants, and executives, this report translates external trends into actionable risks and opportunities. Purchase the full analysis to get the complete, ready-to-use intelligence for confident decision-making.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eolitical factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTelecom policy and spectrum priorities\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGovernment telecom priorities shape numbering, interconnection rules and emergency services funding that Bandwidth depends on, with US broadband BEAD program providing $42.45 billion in capital for network buildouts that affect traffic routes and costs. Changes to net neutrality or universal service frameworks can shift transit and peering expenses and force traffic management adjustments. Active engagement with regulators has helped CPaaS vendors secure favorable treatment as the CPaaS market grows at roughly mid-20% CAGR through 2028, and policy stability reduces deployment risk across markets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGeopolitical tensions and market access\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSanctions, export controls and cross-border restrictions since 2022 (notably expanded US\/EU telecom and semiconductor controls) have complicated carrier partnerships and PoP provisioning, slowing vendor procurement and interconnects. Heightened government scrutiny of communications infrastructure has delayed approvals and certifications, while regional conflicts (eg. Ukraine) have disrupted routing and degraded quality, increasing failover traffic. A geographically diversified PoP footprint and multi-carrier strategy (serving millions of minutes daily) hedges political shocks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData sovereignty and localization mandates\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGovernments increasingly require local data storage and in-country call routing, with over 60 jurisdictions imposing localization or strict cross-border transfer rules as of 2024. This forces Bandwidth to invest in regional PoPs and compliant architectures, mirroring the global data center buildout trend. Non-compliance risks fines up to €20 million or 4% of global turnover under regimes like GDPR and potential service blocks. Proper localization can become a durable competitive moat by locking in local carriers and enterprise customers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePublic safety initiatives (NG911\/112)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublic sector funding and mandates are accelerating NG911\/112 uptake, with roughly 6,000 US PSAPs driving demand for interoperable APIs and precise location services; federal and state grant programs in 2024–25 prioritize IP-based emergency routing and ECRF\/MLR capabilities. Fragmented policy timelines and staggered rollouts lengthen sales cycles, so close collaboration with PSAPs and standards bodies (NENA, ETSI) is critical.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePSAPs ~6,000 (US)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigher grant priority for IP\/NG911 APIs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFragmented rollouts = longer GTM\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePartner with NENA, ETSI, local PSAPs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTrade policy and cross-border taxation\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in tariffs, VAT rules and digital services taxes materially affect Bandwidth pricing and margins: EU average VAT is ~21% and over 25 jurisdictions levy DSTs, while the OECD Pillar Two 15% global minimum tax has been adopted by 140+ jurisdictions, reshaping effective tax rates. Cross-border intercompany charging faces evolving transfer pricing standards and greater scrutiny, complicating multi-region service delivery and cash repatriation. Proactive tax and transfer-pricing planning preserves competitiveness and margin predictability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etariffs: trade barriers alter input costs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVAT\/DST: 21% avg EU VAT; 25+ DST jurisdictions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etax reform: 15% Pillar Two in 140+ jurisdictions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etransfer pricing: heightened audit risk, multi-region complexity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBEAD, NG911 and tax rules reshape CPaaS routing, costs and global compliance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolicy shifts (BEAD $42.45B, CPaaS ~mid-20% CAGR to 2028) reshape routing, costs and regulator engagement; localization rules in 60+ jurisdictions and GDPR fines up to €20M\/4% force PoP investment. NG911 funding (≈6,000 US PSAPs) speeds API demand but fragments GTM. VAT ~21% EU, 25+ DSTs and Pillar Two in 140+ jurisdictions affect pricing and effective tax rates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBEAD\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$42.45B\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCPaaS CAGR\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003emid-20% to 2028\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLocalization\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e60+ jurisdictions\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePSAPs (US)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~6,000\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEU VAT avg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~21%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDSTs\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e25+\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePillar Two\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e140+ jurisdictions\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplores how macro-environmental factors uniquely affect Bandwidth across Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal dimensions, with each section backed by current data and trend analysis. Designed for executives and investors, it offers forward-looking insights, scenario implications, and ready-to-use formatting for reports and decks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA concise, visually segmented PESTLE summary for Bandwidth that’s editable for region or line-of-business, ideal for slide decks and team alignment—helps nontechnical stakeholders quickly grasp regulatory, technological and market risks to accelerate strategic decisions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003economic factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnterprise IT and CX spend cycles\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBandwidth’s growth closely follows enterprise budgets for cloud communications, contact centers, and digital transformation, with CPaaS and AI-driven CX expansions driving higher API consumption and platform embedment. When budgets tighten, sales cycles lengthen and transaction volumes fall, pressuring near-term revenue. Land-and-expand go-to-market models mitigate volatility by converting initial deployments into broader account penetration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCarrier termination and A2P pricing\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWholesale voice termination (often $0.005–$0.01\/min) and A2P SMS termination (typical $0.002–$0.015\/msg across markets) directly compress gross margins for Bandwidth. Recent shifts in US and international A2P fees have pressured SMS economics, while least-cost routing and traffic mix optimization mitigate volatility. Product differentiation and value-added services help absorb pass-through price increases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInterest rates and capital intensity\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher US policy rates (effective federal funds ~5.25–5.50% in 2024–25) raise funding costs for network investments and working capital, prompting some customers to delay migrations under tighter credit; efficient capex allocation, strategic peering and higher utilization protect returns, while strong cash discipline supports resilience.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eForeign exchange exposure\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForeign exchange exposure from Bandwidths global revenues and costs introduces volatility to reported results, with currency swings able to distort growth and margin trends across quarters.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHedging programs and natural currency offsets in revenue and expense streams mitigate impact, while pricing services in local currencies can preserve competitiveness in key markets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFX volatility affects reported growth and margins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHedging and natural offsets reduce earnings noise\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLocal-currency pricing supports market competitiveness\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMarket consolidation and competitive dynamics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarket consolidation across CPaaS, UCaaS and CCaaS tightens pricing power as large platforms bundle communications; CPaaS revenues grew roughly 30% YoY in 2023, amplifying scale advantages. Bundling by major providers pressures standalone rates, while partnerships and verticalized solutions preserve higher-margin value. Scale yields carrier negotiating leverage—carrier discounts on termination and SIP trunks often reach 20–40% for high-volume customers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsolidation: major platforms bundle services\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowth: CPaaS ~30% YoY (2023)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValue: vertical\/partner solutions sustain pricing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeverage: carriers offer ~20–40% discounts at scale\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBEAD, NG911 and tax rules reshape CPaaS routing, costs and global compliance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBandwidth growth tracks enterprise cloud-communications spend; CPaaS\/API demand lifts volume while tighter budgets lengthen sales cycles. Wholesale voice $0.005–0.01\/min and A2P $0.002–0.015\/msg compress margins; CPaaS ~30% YoY (2023). Fed funds ~5.25–5.50% (2024–25) raises funding costs; hedging and local pricing reduce FX and pricing risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eImpact\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCPaaS growth (2023)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~30% YoY\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eScale advantage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWholesale voice\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$0.005–0.01\/min\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMargin pressure\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eA2P SMS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e$0.002–0.015\/msg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSMS economics\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFed funds\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5.25–5.50%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigher funding cost\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003eFull Version Awaits\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBandwidth PESTLE Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preview shown here is the exact Bandwidth PESTLE Analysis you’ll receive after purchase—fully formatted, professionally structured, and ready to use. The content, layout, and insights visible in this preview are the finished document delivered immediately upon checkout. No placeholders, no surprises—what you see is what you’ll get.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"PortersFiveForce","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56162526429561,"sku":"bandwidth-pestle-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0914\/5276\/8633\/files\/bandwidth-pestle-analysis.png?v=1762702383","url":"https:\/\/portersfiveforce.com\/products\/bandwidth-pestle-analysis","provider":"Porter's Five Forces","version":"1.0","type":"link"}