{"product_id":"1und1-pestle-analysis","title":"1\u00261 PESTLE Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMake Smarter Strategic Decisions with a Complete PESTEL View\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGain a strategic edge with our PESTLE analysis of 1\u0026amp;1—three to five expertly distilled insights reveal how political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental forces shape the company's outlook. Ideal for investors, consultants, and planners, this ready-to-use report saves you hours of research and delivers actionable intelligence. Buy the full version now for the complete, editable breakdown and make smarter decisions faster.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eolitical factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEU digital policy and subsidies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBrussels prioritises broadband and 5G via programmes like the Digital Europe Programme (€7.5bn 2021-27) and the Connecting Europe Facility (~€33.7bn), offering co-funding for rural rollout that 1\u0026amp;1 can tap if projects meet EU state aid rules and milestones. Shifts in EU budgets or Germany’s traffic‑light coalition priorities can speed or delay access to grants, while competing operators lobby allocation terms that may dilute 1\u0026amp;1’s advantage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpectrum allocation and auction design\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBNetzA spectrum decisions since the 2019 5G auction (and subsequent mid-band allocations) shape 1\u0026amp;1’s cost base via timing, reserve prices and explicit coverage obligations. Auction formats affect rivalry with incumbents (Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone account for roughly 70% market share), while strict rollout mandates lift capex and execution risk yet can entrench market entry. Political pressure for wide coverage forces faster, lower-ROI deployments in rural areas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndustrial policy and digital sovereignty\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGermany’s push for European tech sovereignty favors Open RAN and multi-vendor networks, aligning with 1\u0026amp;1’s disaggregated architecture but hinging on political continuity. EU measures such as the Chips Act (up to €43 billion mobilised public\/private) and supplier incentives can lower geopolitical supply-chain risk. Policy reversals or security bans risk costly vendor swaps and rollout delays for 1\u0026amp;1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGeopolitical supply chain exposure\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTelecom gear faces export controls and security vetting—US controls on Huawei\/ZTE since 2019 and broader G7\/EU scrutiny increase vendor compliance costs; semiconductor tensions have previously pushed lead times beyond 20 weeks, extending procurement cycles and raising component costs for carriers; government security reviews may bar vendors in RAN and core, forcing 1\u0026amp;1 to adopt multi-sourcing and stock strategies to meet resilience and political requirements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eexport_controls: US restrictions since 2019\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003elead_times: \u0026gt;20 weeks during supply shocks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evendor_limitations: security reviews restrict RAN\/core choices\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003emitigation: multi-sourcing \u0026amp; inventory build\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCompetition and market liberalization stance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEU and German regulators maintained a pro-competition stance in 2024, enforcing MVNO access and wholesale transparency that shapes 1\u0026amp;1 wholesale terms; the three incumbent MNOs still hold roughly 90% of retail market share, so MVNO rules materially limit pricing power and support new entrants. Regulatory scrutiny has blocked or conditioned consolidation, making value-accretive M\u0026amp;A less certain and tying long-run profitability to policy continuity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEU\/Germany 2024: active pro-competition enforcement\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncumbents ≈90% market share — caps pricing power\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMVNO access mandates shape wholesale revenues\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM\u0026amp;A faces high regulatory scrutiny, raising execution risk\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEU funding and Chips Act mobilize rural 5G; incumbents \u003cstrong\u003e≈70%\u003c\/strong\u003e, supplier lead times \u0026gt;20 weeks\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBrussels funding (Digital Europe €7.5bn; Connecting Europe €33.7bn) and German policy speed rural 5G but depend on budget shifts. BNetzA spectrum rules and coverage obligations raise 1\u0026amp;1 capex; DT+Vodafone ≈70% market share. Security controls (US Huawei bans) and Chips Act (€43bn) alter supplier risk; lead times \u0026gt;20 weeks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDigital Europe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€7.5bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eConnecting Europe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€33.7bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eChips Act\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€43bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIncumbent share\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e≈70%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplores how external macro-environmental factors uniquely affect 1\u0026amp;1 across Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal dimensions, with data-backed trends and region-specific context. Designed for executives, investors and consultants to identify threats and opportunities and support scenario planning.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA concise, visually segmented PESTLE summary tailored to 1\u0026amp;1 that’s easily dropped into presentations, annotated for regional or product-specific notes, and shareable for quick alignment across teams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003economic factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGerman macro growth and inflation\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGermany GDP grew about 0.4% in 2024 with IMF 2025 forecast near 0.6%, while CPI eased to roughly 2.6% in mid-2025 from double-digit peaks; consumer confidence and SMB capex remain key drivers of broadband and mobile demand. High inflation has squeezed discretionary spend and raised wage and equipment costs, prompting shifts to value-tier tariffs that pressure ARPU. Stabilizing CPI can revive upgrade cycles and reduce churn.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInterest rates and capex intensity\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNetwork build-out for 5G and fiber is capital‑intensive—German telco capex underscores this (Deutsche Telekom capex €10.2bn in 2023) and fiber cost per household is estimated €1,000–2,000. Elevated ECB policy rates around 4% raise WACC and hurdle rates for 1\u0026amp;1’s coverage expansion. Phased deployment and infrastructure sharing reduce cash burn, while rate cuts would ease refinancing and accelerate projects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnergy prices and OPEX\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNetworks and data centers are energy-intensive and German retail electricity peaked around €0.40\/kWh in 2023, pressuring margins. Hedging and operational efficiency—sleep modes, modern RAN and DC power optimization—are key levers to cut OPEX. Procuring renewables via PPAs can stabilize input costs and advance ESG targets. Price spikes risk forced tariff hikes and customer churn.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCompetitive pricing pressure\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncumbents defend share with aggressive promotions and bundled offers, forcing 1\u0026amp;1 to match discounts while protecting margins; Germany’s MVNO segment — roughly 15% of mobile subscribers — intensifies price competition in prepaid and value tiers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026amp;1 must balance cheap acquisition with customer lifetime value to avoid negative unit economics; focus on service quality and cloud add-ons can raise ARPU and offset churn pressure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncumbent promotions compress margins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMVNOs ~15% market share\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcquisition vs LTV trade-off\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eService\/cloud differentiation lifts ARPU\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSMB digitalization demand\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGerman SMEs, which represent about 99.6% of companies and employ roughly 60% of the workforce, are upgrading connectivity, cloud and security, creating demand for bundled broadband–mobile–SaaS that can raise wallet share; macro slowdowns can delay rollouts but heighten demand for cost-saving cloud and security solutions, while verticalized offerings improve retention and margins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSME share: 99.6% of firms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorkforce: ~60% employed by SMEs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBundle upsell raises wallet share\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacro slowdowns -\u0026gt; higher demand for cost-saving SaaS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVerticalization =\u0026gt; better retention \u0026amp; margins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEU funding and Chips Act mobilize rural 5G; incumbents \u003cstrong\u003e≈70%\u003c\/strong\u003e, supplier lead times \u0026gt;20 weeks\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGermany GDP +0.4% (2024), IMF 2025 +0.6%; CPI ~2.6% mid‑2025—stabilization may revive upgrades. DT capex €10.2bn (2023); fiber €1,000–2,000\/HH; ECB rates ~4% raise WACC and slow rollouts. MVNOs ~15% share; SMEs 99.6% of firms, ~60% workforce—bundle demand favors ARPU uplift.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGDP 2024\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e+0.4%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCPI mid‑2025\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2.6%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDT capex 2023\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€10.2bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFiber cost\/HH\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€1,000–2,000\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eECB rate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~4%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMVNO share\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~15%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSMEs\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e99.6% firms, ~60% workforce\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003ePreview Before You Purchase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1\u0026amp;1 PESTLE Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preview shown here is the exact 1\u0026amp;1 PESTLE Analysis document you’ll receive after purchase—fully formatted and ready to use. This file contains the complete political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental assessment as presented. No placeholders or teasers—just the finished, professionally structured report available for immediate download.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"PortersFiveForce","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":55675940864377,"sku":"1und1-pestle-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0914\/5276\/8633\/files\/1und1-pestle-analysis.png?v=1755810694","url":"https:\/\/portersfiveforce.com\/products\/1und1-pestle-analysis","provider":"Porter's Five Forces","version":"1.0","type":"link"}